AP World Study Guide
Unit 1: The Global Tapestry 1200-1450
1.1: Dev. in East Asia 1200-1450 t
Song China (960-1279)
Leading power in ancient world and a continuity throughout history (dynasties)
CE 960 china was split into regions as Tang Dynasty (618-907) weakened
Song State Structure
Bureaucracy led by confucianism
Mandate of Heaven
6 departments: personnel, finance, rites, army, justice, public works
Confucian thought: reality is fundamentally hierarchical and everyone has their place in society
Led to revival of civil service exam
Shifted power from hereditary to scholarly leaders → Scholar Gentry class
Emphasized Filial Piety and a Patriarchal society
Respect towards parents, elders, and ancestors
Foot binding became a status symbol
Trade
Participated heavily in trade such as silk road across afro eurasia
Production of new goods for the market
Not enough metal to keep minting coins, led to paper money which was overprinted and created inflation → term flying cash
The Grand Canal connected the north and south of China from the Sui to the Yuan Dynasty
Naval Innovations
Gunpowder
Agricultural Productivity
1.2: Dev. in Dar al Islam 1200-1450 a
Preservation of Islam
New Islam states emerged
Sufi Missionaries
Culture and Life
Women
Higher status than Christian or Jewish
Respected by Muhammad (founder of Islam)
Oppression increased with developments of cities and towns
1.3: Dev. in South and Southeast Asia 1200-1450 t
Religion in India
Dominant religion was hinduism, buddhist minority
Concept of hinduism: through cycle of reincarnation, the soul wants to escape the cycle to become one with brahman (a deity) depending on karma
Bhakti movement 12th century
Caste system divided hindu society into 5 groups
Southeast Asia
Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam
Majapahit Empire (1293-1527)
Khmer Empire (802-1431)
Land Based empire in modern day Cambodia
Flourished because of complex irrigation and drainage systems going to and from river
Led to huge agriculture progress and prosperity
Originally hindu but converted later to buddhism
Islam also spread to these empires
1.4: State Building in the Americas a
Mayan Empire (250-1697)
Central America
Relied on Maize
Governance: city-state
Religion
Polytheistic
Human sacrifice
Gods of sun, rain, corn
Science/technology
1.5: State Building in Africa t
Ghana (c.300-c.1100)
Around the 5th century, the kingdoms of Ghana were established all throughout north Africa
Before Ghana, strong central govt were uncommon, communities were organized through Kinship, age and gender
Before the time of Muhammad
Reached its peak in 8th and 11th centuries
Ghana’s rulers sold gold and ivory to Muslim traders in exchange for salt, copper, cloth, and tools
12th century, wars with neighboring societies→ holy war from muslims led by Abu Bakr weakened Ghana and new trading societies emerged in its place → Mali
1.6: Dev. in Europe 1200-1450 a
1.7: Comparison in the Period from 1200-1450 t
New States
Mamluk Sultanate (former Abbasid) see above
Selijuk Empire (Former Abbasid) see above
Delhi Sultanate (Former Gupta) see above
Old empires revived
Song Dynasty (based on Han) see above
Mali Empire (based on Ghana) see above
Holy Roman Empire (based on Kuman Empire) see above
Expansion in Scope
Aztecs in Mexico → tribute system
Incas in south america →mit’a system
City-States in East Africa → swahili, ethiopia
City-States in SE Asia → Srivijaya, Khmer
Unit 2: Networks of Exchange 1200-1450
2.1: The Silk Roads 1200-1450 A
2.2: The Mongol Empires and the Making of the Modern World 1200-1450 T
Mongol Expansion
First expanded to china
1209 attack against chinese
Fierce attacks defeating armies and capturing cities
Those defeated could either join mongol army or die
2.3: Exchange in the Indian Ocean 1200-1450 A
2.4: Trans-Saharan Trade Routes 1200-1450 T
2.5: Cultural Consequences of Connectivity 1200-1450 A
Religion
When religions were introduced to new areas, one of two outcomes
Buddhism met Daoist beliefs in China resulting in Zen(Chan) Buddhism
Some Confucian scholar gentry in Song Dynasty opposed mixing of religions
Neo Confucianism
moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism
Popular in Song and Ming Dynasty
Spread to Korea and Japan
Muslim Merchants
2.6: Environmental Consequences of Connectivity 1200-1450 T
Environmental effects
As population increases, more stresses on land
Overgrazing in Great Zimbabwe (more in unit 1) led to environmental degradation and it was abandoned in 1400s for that reason
Land in Europe was changed through deforestation and Little Ice Age in 1300s
2.7: Comparison of Economic Exchange 1200-1450 A
Trade Networks Review
Silk Road
Land based routes across Eurasia and north africa for over 2,000 years
Exchanged mostly luxury goods
Significant in transporting ideas, technologies, and religion
Declined in influence with the rise of sea-based trade routes and the growth of European colonialism
Indian Ocean Trade
Maritime network connecting coastal regions of Indian Ocean and SE Asia
Facilitated by monsoon winds and Muslim’s trade supportive society
Declined in influence with the rise of sea-based trade routes and the growth of European colonialism
Trans-Saharan Trade
Land based routes across Sahara desert
Exchanged goods, ideas, and cultures between West Africa and the Mediterranean
Dominated by arab and Berber traders
Exchanged gold, salt, ivory, and other luxury items
Important source of exotic animals and plants
Facilitated by use of camels who could withstand desert conditions
Declined in influence with the rise of sea-based trade routes and the growth of European colonialism
Unit 3: Land Based Empires 1450-1750
3.1: Empires Expand 1450-1750 a
3.2: Empires: Administration 1450-1750 t
3.3: Empires: Belief Systems 1450-1750 a
Major belief systems
Hinduism
Polytheistic, cycle of reincarnation and reaching spiritual liberation
Dominant in South Asia (modern day India)
Bhakti Movement
Spiritual and social movement in India
Emphasized importance of personal relationship with a deity; less formal, ritualistic, and traditional
Influenced Indian music and literature
Islam
Buddhism
Christianity
Protestant Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Confucianism
Philosophical system, not religious
Social harmony, filial piety, authority, tradition
Chinese empires
Americas
3.4: Comparisons in Land Based Empires 1450-1750 t
Land-Based Empires
Mughal Empire (1526–1761)
Ottoman Empire (c.1300-1923)
At peak in 1500s, 1600s, they ruled much of SE Europe, West AFrica, North Africa
Ruled by (Sunni) Islamic Turks
Centralized, autocratic government, diverse population of Muslims, Christians, and Jews
Dissolved in 1923 after their defeat in WWI
Safavid Empire (1501-1722)
Eastern (Shia) Islamic State founded by Ismail I
Centered in modern-day Iran and surrounding areas
Contributed to Persian art, literature, and culture
Fought with Ottoman empires through border disputes and Shia vs. Sunni Muslim divide
Fell in late 18th century, dissolved in early 19th
Songhai Empire (1375-1591)
Ruled over a large part of West Africa
Had an advanced government system
Declined in late 16th century as a result of internal conflicts and Moroccan invasions
Russian Empire (1721 to 1917)
World’s largest country by land area and third most populous
Ruled by Romanov dynasty
Multiethnic state with over 100 ethnic groups in its borders
Major player in world affairs
Dissolved after Russian Revolution of 1917 and establishing of USSR
Ming Empire (China) (1368–1644)
Han Chinese established Ming Dynasty after overthrowing Mongolian Yuan Dynasty
Period of relative peace and prosperity in China
Finished Great Wall of China and constructed Forbidden City in Beijing
Fell after it was deposed by the Qing Dynasty
Qing Empire (China) (1644–1911)
China’s final imperial dynasty founded by Manchu people
Centralized government, social hierarchy, bureaucratic rule system
Multicultural state with Han Chinese, Manchus, Mongols, other ethnic groups
Experienced significant economic, social, and cultural development
Major player in Industrial Revolution and global power in 18th and early 19th centuries
Xinhai Revolution (1911 Revolution) ended imperial rule in China
Incan Empire (c.1200–1533)
South American Empire by Andes Mountains
Had an advanced system of government
Known for impressive architectural achievements
Conquered by spanish in early 16th century
Aztec (Mexica Empire) (c.1300 to 1521)
Native American civilization in central Mexico
Religion based on worship of a pantheon of gods
Conquered by Spanish in early 16th century
Tokugawa Japan (1603-1868)
Tokugawa shogunate was a feudal government led by the Tokugawa family
Rule led to a period of political stability and economic growth
Used strong, centralized government to keep control
Isolated japan and had strict trade regulations to maintain control
Time of cultural and artistic flourishing
Meiji restoration ended feudal rule and Tokugawa shogunate was deposed in 1868
Maritime Empires
British Empire (c.1500-c.2000)
Spanish Empire (1492 - 1968)
Global empire centered in spain that ruled over a large portion of the world
Distinguished by powerful centralized government and a vast network of trade and colonization
Began to decline in 18th century
Portuguese Empire (1415 - 1999)
French Empire (1534–1980)
Centered in france, ruled over the majority of the world with many colonies in Africa, and others in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia
Characterized by centralized government and a vast network of trade and colonization
French revolution 1789-1799
Declined in 19th century
Dutch Empire (1595 - 1975)
Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections 1450-1750
4.1: Tech. Innovations 1450-1750 t
4.2: Exploration: Causes and Events 1450-1750 a
Results
Portugal
Spain
Britain
France
North America
Canada, U.S., Caribbean
Fur and timber trade
Arctic exploration
Africa
Dutch
East Indies
Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore
Dutch East India Company (VOC): 1602-1799
Spice, gold trade
Arctic Exploration
4.3: Columbian Exchange 1450-1750 t
Agriculture and Labor
Explorers were there looking for gold and silver originally, but found that their colonies could get rich through farming
Needed labor to create large scale farms
At first they enslaved natives but they were able to escape as they knew the land well
Portuguese in Brazil found massive success doing this with sugarcane
Began to import enslaved laborers from Africa, especially from Kongo Kingdom
As demand for sugarcane and tobacco spiked, so did the demand for slaves.
Millions of africans were forced from their homes into the trans-Atlantic slave trade
Despite the large amount of slaves being exported, African population saw an overall growth from the amount of new foods being introduced
Environmental impact
At first the natives had been farming for centuries and had created a way to live sustainably
European colonists began to overharvest and use the land more aggressively
Large scale deforestation and depletion of the soil
Strained water supply and introduced pollution
4.4: Maritime Empires Established 1450-1750 a
Europeans in America
Columbus brought diseases to the Americas
With disease and advanced weapons, they toppled the Aztec and Incan Empires
Rivalries between spanish and portuguese
Other Europeans in americas
Indian Ocean Trade
More europeans involved, but Indian Trade Network continued with these changes as normal
Trade used to be maintained by ethnic and religious ties
Portuguese’ military might changed trade to be favorable for themselves
4.5: Maritime Empires Maintained & Developed 1450-1750 t
4.6: Internal and External Challenges to State Power 1450-1750 a
4.7: Changing Social Hierarchies 1450-1750 t
Ottoman Empire
Social structure built around a warrior aristocracy
They competed for power with the ulama, islamic scholars who held power
Janissary corps also wanted power themselves
Women and minorities
Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492 during the Spanish Inquisition, found sanctuary in the Ottoman empire, especially in Istanbul
Women had little direct power but many of the sultan’s wives and concubines vied to promote their own sons to positions of power
Europe
Social hierarchy: royalty, then nobility
Russia social hierarchy: Tsar, then boyars (landed aristocracy), then merchants, then peasants
4.8: Continuity and Change 1450-1750 a
Agriculture
Continuity: importance
Changes
Impact of changes
Social structure
Environmental
Empires
Expansion
Colonization
Spanish and Portugal started with Aztec and Inca
French, Dutch, English in Americas
European powers established trading posts in Africa coasts
British colonies in India
Dutch trading posts in Indonesia
Mercantilism
Nation's wealth and power were directly linked to the amount of gold and silver
Wealth is increased by increasing exports and decreasing imports
Europe extracted colonies for resources and used their market for exporting goods
Paved way for capitalism
Conflicts
French and Indian War (1754-1763)
Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
British vs. French and respective allies
Fought in Europe, N.America, India
British victory
Dutch-Portuguese War (1602-1654)
Fought for trade routes in Asia, Africa, America
Ended with Treaty of the Hague
Anglo-Mughal Wars (1686-1757)
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Unit 5: Transoceanic Interconnections 1750-1900
5.1: The Enlightenment 1750-1900 t
5.2: Nationalism & Revolutions 1750-1900 a
Haitian revolution
French colony made up of two different groups of people
A few French plantation owners and a large amount of enslaved Africans working for the plantation owners
Haiti was inspired by French Revolution and revolted against the plantation owners, killing them and destroying their property
In 1791, a Haitian named Toussaint L’ouverture took charge and led the rebellion against the French
Surprising for world when the enslaved people won and created an independent government
First successful revolution of enslaved people and the first black-led independent nation in the western hemisphere
5.3: Industrial Revolution Begins 1750-1900 t
5.4: Industrial Revolution Spreads 1750-1900 a
5.5: Tech of the Industrial Age 1750-1900 t
Consequences of both IR
Increase of trade
Waves of migration
5.6: Industrialization: Government's Role 1750-1900 a
Russia
Encounters with industrial states
1890s: Russia launches industrialization
Steel, coal, textiles
Trans-Siberian Railway
Fourth largest coal producer
Reforms
Modeled after Europe/U.S.
Abolition of feudalism
Institution of constitution/individual rights
Expanded education and military
5.7: Economic Developments and Innovations 1750-1900 t
5.8: Reactions to the Industrial Revolution 1750-1900 a
Child Labor
Factory owners employed many children for their small size and their even lower salaries
When children worked 12-14 hours in factories, they developed physical deformities and in some cases, deadly sicknesses
Labor unions began to stand up for children
1843, Law in U.S. made it illegal for children under 10 to work in coal mines
Around this time, laws for mandatory education were also passed
Ottomans
Sultan Mahmud II took power in 1808 and overhauled Ottoman state in respect to industrialization
Saw major reforms in the Ottoman society like the abolition of the feudal system, the building of an extensive network of roads, and the establishment of a postal service
Tanzimat, a program of reforms carried out by Mahmud’s sons
Updated Ottoman legal system to have equality for all before the law
Worked hard to root out long standing corruption in government
Created secular schools for children which was different from the previous ulama (islamic scholar) led schools
After Ottoman society had largely been remade with Tanzimat, Sultan Abdul Hamid rose to power
At the beginning, he favored the reforms, but began to fear the radical reformers called the Young Turks
Exiled the group for wanting to overthrow him
Armenians in Ottoman Empire wanted reform too, but Hamid responded by persecuting and massacring them (Armenian Genocide in un 6)
China (Qing Dynasty)
They knew that they needed to modernize to keep power (economically especially)
Created a period of reform called the Self-Strengthening Movement
Reforms largely failed and the efforts were abandoned
1894, Japanese won the Sino-Japanese war against China
China’s impulse for reform was rekindled after that, and they created the Hundred Days of Reform
Reform was frowned up by conservatives, such as Empress Dowager Cixi
She didn’t like the removal of the civil service exam and the adoption of western technology
Used her power to resist the reforms, but after realizing the corruption in the Civil Service Exam, she relented
Weakened by rebellion, China received help from western powers to modernize in exchange for exclusive trading rights in certain parts of china
5.9: Society and the Industrial Age 1750-1900 t
Women and factories
Many working class women would also work in factories
Some middle class women would also stay home to raise children
Saw rise of cult of domesticity, bestowed dignity upon women by saying their work at home was valuable for raising children
Taught that women’s main goal was to make the home a place to rest for working members of family
Many womens wanted more and began to raise their voices during this period to fight for change
5.10: Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age 1750-1900 a
Standard of Living
Industrialization increased overall standard of living
New job openings attracted many people away from rural areas and grew cities
The rise of industrial capitalism also led to an increase in wages for some workers
Labor unions and higher demand for workers increased salaries,
Labor unions also improved working conditions
Industrial capitalism also led to other improvements in living standards
Living standards were increased through productivity
Not everyone benefited from the rise of industrial capitalism.
Many people in rural areas were left behind
Working conditions were poor in low-paying jobs for high hours and poor working conditions
Gap between rich and poor grew
Communication
Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph greatly facilitated exploration, development
Railroads allowed for rapid and large-scale movement of people and goods
Steamships allowed for the rapid movement of goods and people across water
The telegraph allowed for the rapid transmission of information,
Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization 1750-1900
6.1: Rationales for Imperialism 1750-1900 a
6.2: State Expansion 1750-1900 t
Scramble for Africa
As more and more lands were claimed by European powers in Africa, competition for land began to heat up
Otto von Bismarck of Germany realized that a war was going to begin so instead he called Berlin Conference of 1884 where imperial leaders distributed Africa among themselves
Belgian king Leopold II pushed into the Congo and claimed it as his own personal holding
Not a colony of the state but the owner
Used brutal policies to Congolese such as forced labor to extract ivory and rubber from the land
By 1908, Belgian state took over colony and improved conditions
Imperialism into Asia
British presence in India
Under the auspices of the British East India Company, Britain claimed more and more territory from the weakened Mughal empire, and eventually, they conquered all of India
Originally used their own troops but then recruited indian soldiers called sepoys to join the effort
European powers in China used economic imperialism
During the time China was insatiable due to natural disasters and internal rebellion
Western powers moved in and used military to demand trading rights with China, and China was forced to agree
Western powers carved up china into spheres of influence
Japan’s imperialism
Dutch also imperialized into southeast asia
British colonized Australia and New Zealand
Australia was originally a penal colony
By 1820s they had taken all of Australia and they realized that they could use the land for production of wool
Also found copper and gold in Australia so more people colonized
New Zealand, occupied by the Maori people was established as a settler colony
United States imperialism
Expanded in their own continent, there was an urge to push westward in the American identity
Relocated millions of natives
In 1830, American Congress passed the Indian Removal Act which led to the systematic removal of American Indians from the east onto reservations in the midwest
Migration known as trail of tears for abuse and death endured
Idea of Manifest Destiny
Late part of 19th century, after conquering to California, America gathered resources for an overseas empire
Spanish American war in 1898
America declared war on Spain and won territory including Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba
Russia also expanded
Catherine II expanded Russian empire
Alexander I annexed Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Finland, and part of Armenia
Later, Russia acquired a large portion of Manchuria from China
6.3: Indigenous Responses to State Expansion 1750-1900 a
Americas:
At first U.S. was a series of British colonies
After British won French and Indian War (1754–1763) they established Proclamation of 1763 which took land from French and reserved all lands in the Ohio River Valley for the natives
After winning independence, still continued pushing to west coast
Cherokee Natives:
Had dealt with British colonists and Americans for a long time
Indian Removal Act of 1830 sent all natives along the trail of tears
Mexico:
Benito Juarez was of Zapotec (pre-columbian) blood and was in power
Liberal who despised foreign influence, especially the French
Conservative members of government resented his liberalism and saw the French encroachment as a way to oust Juarez
Conspired with european powers to overthrow Juarez’ government
French occupation was short lived and after 3 years of armed resistance, the french were ousted from mexico
Africa:
European powers often set up colonial governments run by Europeans
Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement led to over 400,000 cows dying
Near the end of the time, many Xhosa cattle were killed by the Xhosa because they believed the cattle’s spirits would drive the Europeans out
Only resulted in famine and death
West Africa: Sokoto Caliphate (1806 - 1906)
Trade in west Africa led to a collision of values and circulation of ideas across the Sahara
The Fulani were pastoralists and nomadic, some were sedentary and converted to Islam
Usman Dan Fodio’s Movement was inspired by Muhammad, calling for a return to earlier Islamic practices
Led a successful revolted against the Hausa Landlords and established a confederation of Islamic Emirates and Sokoto Caliphate
Dismantled in Berlin Conference and given to Britain
West Africa: france
East Africa: Sudan
Muhammad Ahmad, an Islamic cleric in Sudan saw that his country was next for imperialism so gathered an army to fight against British in 1880
After he died, movement disintegrated
British returned to Sudan in 1896 and defeated Mahdists and took over
6.4: Global Economic Development 1750-1900 t
Agriculture
Before Europeans, most Africans engaged in subsistence farming
They only farmed enough for them to live on
Europeans replaced subsistence with cash crop farming
Cash crops are crops that are grown not to live from but for sale in a distant market
African plantations were dedicated to cash crops such as coffee, rubber, or sugar
Increase in demand for beef (meat)
Rising consumer class, people wanted more meat
Colonies in Argentina and Uruguay raising large amounts of cows who were then refrigerated and shipped to europe using the new technology
Guano: bat and seabird poop
As agriculture increased, so did demand for fertilizer
Guano in Peru and Argentina had been piling up for centuries so it became a huge part of Peru and Chile’s export economy
6.5: Economic Imperialism 1750-1900 a
China
British demanded huge quantities of porcelain, silk, tea but they did not export goods to china
British East India Company forced indian farmers to start manufacturing opium
British smuggled large amounts of opium into China and sold them to the people
1729 Chinese emperor made buying and selling of opium illegal
After a century of this, chinese grew tired of abuse and rose up against British in the Opium Wars
After opium wars, Britain did not take over politically but they did take over economically
Opium Wars showed the world that industrialized nations destroyed non-industrialized nations in war
Other nations later in the 1800s came to China wanting to get their own part of free trade
Countries agreed to split up china into spheres of influence
Japan, France, U.S., Britain, Russia, Germany each got spheres where they had exclusive trading rights
Latin America
Second half of 19th century, big imperial interest in Latin America
Countries wanted raw materials, low wage workers, and markets for their goods
U.S. signed Monroe Doctrine in 1823
Said that most of the western hemisphere belonged to the U.S. and European intervention was no longer welcome
U.S. had become powerful from second IR compared to Latin America
Invested heavily in industrialization of places like Mexico and Cuba
Object of these investments were railroads and the development of industries like meat packing, guano extraction, mining
Britain did similar things in Argentina
Invested huge sums of money into Argentina, especially in breeding livestock, farming, and railroads
Britain helped finance the building of the Port of Buenos Aires
In order to facilitate the massive import and export of raw materials and manufactured goods
Spains in Chile
6.6: Causes of Migration 1750-1900
Slavery
Ended in early 19th century (1800s)
1856: Abolished in U.S.
1886 Cuba
1888 Brazil
Slave trade stopped but slavery very continued
Labor was needed, so countries still coerced labor
Indentured Servitude
People worked for set number of years in exchange for passage and better opportunity
Meant to be temporary, but sometimes became permanent
Asia Contract Labor
1847-1874: 250k-500k Chinese were sent to British, Spanish, Dutch Colonies in Asia, Africa, and Caribbean
Worked in Sugar plantations or unskilled jobs
British stopped in 1855, US ended in 1862, Portugal ended in 1874
British Penal Colonies
1700: set up in Australia
Suffered harsh treatment and performed labor
Became desirable location after gold was discovered there in 1851
6.7: Effects of Migration 1750-1900
Irish in North America
Scots-Irish: Came to flee the Crown by indentured servitude
Irish men worked on farms and canal system in the north east
Many held unfavorable jobs
Single Irish Women came looking for husbands and became domestic servants
6.8: Causation in the Imperial Age 1750-1900
Overseas Expansion
Industrial Revolution: Overproduction became a problem
Countries used government and militaries to find markets
Coal, Iron, Tin, Rubber, Copper
From Africa, South America, SEA,
LatAm colonies
Western Europe, Japan, U.S.
Saw benefits in controlling foreign market
Little economic development in exporting countries
Countries in Africa and SEA that avoided colonization became dominated by Western Powers (France and Britain)
Imperialism vs. Colonialism
| | Imperialism | Colonialism |
| Definition | Country policy to take over lands using diplomacy or force | The physical act of setting up colonies or territories in another country |
| Type | Colony, protectorate, sphere of influence, economic imperialism | Settler colonies, exploitation colonies, surrogate colonies, internal colonies |
Unit 7 Global Conflict (1900-Present)
1910-1920: Mexican Revolution
1911: Chinese revolution
1914-1918: World War 1
Causes: MAIN
Militarism
Strengthening armies, russia built up their armies and mobilized on austria-hungary border
Britain and france all built up militaries in response as defense
Alliances
Alliances between austria-hungary and germany caused the one month delay between the assassination of archduke franz ferdinand and the invasion of serbia because austria hungary wanted to determine safety from russian invasion
Alliances between allied powers: triple entente, mutual alliances between UK russia france to protect each other
Imperialism
Scramble for africa resulted in africa being colonized and imperialized by lots of european states
Imperialism in asia/SEA, india britain, indonesian colonies, french vietnam
Imperialism from japan, japan-russian war
Tensions for colonial control (more colonies = more power)
Nationalism
1915: Armenian genocide starts
1917: US joins WWI
1917: Russian Revolution
1919-1923: Greek Attacks on Ottoman Empire, Ataturk establishes Turkey and presidency
1919: World War 1 ends, postwar negotiations in the Paris Peace Conferences
Treaty of versailles blamed germany for all of the war resulting in heavy debt, military limitations, lose territories/colonies, and full blame for war
1920: League of Nations founded… and disbanded later on
1927-1945: Chinese Civil War
1928: Stalin initiates his first Five Year Plan within Soviet Russia
1929-1933: Great Depression
1939-1945: World War 2
1941: Attack on Pearl Harbor/ war in the pacific
1941-1945: The Holocaust
1945-1950: Chinese Communist Revolution
1945: Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings
1945: United Nations created
1975
1994: Rwandan genocide
2003: The War in Darfur
Major Trends Between 1900 to Present
MAIN → global conflicts
Militarism ⇒ arms race between nations → destructive firepower
Alliances ⇒ nations fighting → allies jump in → multinational conflict
Imperialism ⇒ nations competing over control in territories
Nationalism ⇒ nations want to demonstrate military & political might
New global entities 🌎
Organizations (i.e. League of Nations, UN) enforced rules over nations
Treaties & alliances (i.e. Marshall Plan, NATO, Warsaw Pact) → capitalism vs. socialism → Cold War
Unit 8 Cold War & Decolonization(1900-Present)
Main Events
1914-1918: World War I
1919: Gandhi’s first satyagraha
1919: Egyptian Revolution
1919: May 4th Movement
1929: Great Depression begins
1929-1947: Indian protest for independence
1931-32: Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1933: Great Depression ends
1939: World War II starts
1945: World War II ends/Yalta and Potsdam conferences
Yalta Conference
Nov. 1943: FDR U.S., Churchill
GB, Stalin USSR met at Tehran conference to discuss USSR liberating east europe and US/Britain liberating western europe
1947: Marshall Plan
1948: Israel created
1949: NATO formed
1949: China established as a communist country
1950-53: Korean War
1954-1962: Algerian War
1955: Bandung Conference (non-aligned movement)
1957: Ghanaian independence
1959-1975: Vietnam War
1960: Year of Africa (independence of 17 African nations, such as Nigeria and Cameroon)
Decolonization in Africa
African independence movements arose after world wars (Africans fought for mother countries) led by intellects educated in the West
African discontent over imperial conditions fueled movement (working conditions, brutality of Europeans, notions of racial superiority)
five Pan-African Conferences held between the world wars
1962: Cuban Missile Crisis
1963: Kenyan independence
1974-1990: Pinochet in Chile
1975-2002: Angolan Civil War
1989: Year of independence of many countries from the Soviet bloc/collapse of the Berlin Wall
Discussion Questions:
How did the results of WWII lead to the Cold War and decolonization?
What were the long- and short-term causes of the Cold War?
What factors led to the different organizations of new states and how?
How was the Cold War similar in the Western and Eastern Hemispheres? How was it different?
Unit 9 Globalization (1900-Present)
Globalization
the spread of ideas, products, and practices from one place to another, facilitated by advances in transportation, communication, and technology.
Social, Political, Human-Environment Interaction, Cultural, Economic, and Technology
Main Events
1918-1919: Spanish Flu infects one-fifth of the world’s population. Deadlier than the Bubonic plague
1928: Alexander Fleming invented penicillin—antibiotics are born
1945: United Nations formed
Peacekeeping actions
First actions in 1948 related to the arab-israeli conflict
Expansion in 1990
Not all missions are successful → 1994 rwanda genocide
Challenges for Peacekeeping Missions
Democratic process is slow
Requires debate and consideration so slow changes to problems
Expectations of UN troops
Cannot pick one side, can only keep peace.
1948: United Nations adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Other UN Priorities
Protecting refugees
Establishing camps for rights
Feeding the hungry through the World Food Program (WFP)
Supporting education, science, and culture
1950s: Green Revolution begins worldwide
Green revolution was a response to world hunger by new types of food such as wheat, rice, and GMO grains that were resistant to disease, pests, and drought
Through biological engineering such as crossbreeding and genetic engineering
More fertilizers and pesticides as well as new farming technologies
More land allocated for farms
1950s: Artificial birth control
1971: Greenpeace founded to protect the environment
1976: Ebola outbreak
1977: Green Belt Movement begins to combat deforestation
1980s-1990s: AIDS epidemic
1981: Deng Xiaoping’s Economic Reforms
1989: Tiananmen Square
1994: NAFTA formed
1995: World Trade Organization (WTO) formed
1997: Kyoto Protocol first agreement to reduce carbon emissions worldwide
2001: One day terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, D.C. by airplanes
2010s: “Arab Spring” revolutions
2016: British voters agreed to leave EU (Brexit)
List of organizations
World Bank and IMF
IMF and World Bank were created after an agreement to fix the economy
Now they have changed. Nixon removed USD gold standard dissolving the fixed exchange rate system from IMF
Now IMF fights financial crises around the world by keeping tabs on global economy by enacting economic policies to respond
IMF = Policies, World Bank = Projects
World bank goals to reduce poverty by instituting projects in poor countries around the world
World bank and IMF both have criticized for not addressing specific economic issues