Free AP Euro notes

AP Euro Notes I used to get a 5 on the AP Test credit to PleasantVariation7 on reddit

How to use these Notes:

The side of this document(menu on mobile) has each unit from the college board syllabus. The bolded line is the topic and the notes are under that for each section. There are some notes in here that are from the Mckay textbook, but the majority are class notes collected throughout the school year. Some notes may be about analyzing images or test strategies. Some bullet points may not make sense but that’s probably because it’s a note I made to myself(I tried to take most of those out though). Use this as a content review. Make sure to practice your image analysis, multiple choice, and essay skills, and you should be good to go! Hope you find this useful…Best of Luck!!

• Why does context matter(and why does it matter everyday in class)?
  • Go ahead of others in understanding

• Discover medieval worldview which series as the context for our course
  • Medieval agricultural village and the medieval mind:
  • No technology-behind
  • Fear
  • Isolated
  • Feudalism
    • 4 levels of hierarchy:
      • Kings
      • nobles/lords-wealthiest landowners
      • knights/vassals-fighting warriors
      • peasants/serfs-did agricultural work and tended animals-biggest majority of population-poorest
    • Feudalism is the exchange of land for protection/money/food in these 4 levels of hierarchy
    • King got everything on the left side→gave king power→strengthened kingdom
  • War
  • Fear of hell bc/life on earth is hell
  • church is power-more powerful than king(can send to hell)
  • Agriculture
  • No trade
  • Self-sufficient(make their own stuff)
  • Family unit
  • Communalboth M and F are needed for communal society
  • Men can marry or be priest, they can’t live wo/marriage
  • Church has all main stuff for life-need church
  • Europe is reborn from what
  • Long term causes of renaissance
    • Plague
      • lose faith in church
      • Church is weak
      • Even in death a man wants to be like jesus
      • Leads to kings to take advantage of situation
      • End of serfdom(feudal laborer) in western europe but still holds in east
      • Workers set wages bc/there’s less of them
    • Crusades
      • Venetian crusades attack and loot Constantinople in 1204
      • Greek+roman classics
      • trade
    • Vikings trade
      • New ideas
      • They go to cities-can’t be protected by church only by kings
      • Medicis do banking and other cities traded-no ag.
    • Church corruption-triumphant christendom
    • feudalism
    • Muslim scholars in spain

• Debate whether 1450 is the beginning of modern Europe, the true point of rebirth of Europe, and a turning point or not, and why it starts in italy
  • Individualism
    • Petrarch
    • Savonarola
    • Da vinci
    • Michelangelo
    • Donatello
    • Raphael
    • Demidici
    • Sforza
    • Secular society
  • Social class(new)-urban nobility

Mckay 358-361:

• Renaissance-means rebirth-describes rebirth of classical antiquity in Italy during the 14th-16th centuries

• Patronage-financial support of writers/artists by cities, groups, and individuals to produce specific works or works in specific styles

• Renaissance was founded by the interconnected economic/political/cultural development by the city states of northern Italy

• Merchants gained political power to match their high economic power-they used the resulting money and power for luxuries and hiring talent through patronage

• Political leaders in Italian cities admiries tradition/power of ancient Rome and reflected it in their duties

• Northern italian cities lead the great commercial revival of the eleventh century-with genoa and milan advancing in shipbuilding, allowing them to sail ships year-long with higher speeds and more merchandise

• In middle of the 12th century Venice(through support of merchant marine) was rich through overseas trade-genoa/milan had big fleets

• Florence was also commercial leader/city where renaissance began/on fertile soil against arno river/favorable location from rome-it grew rich by buying and selling grain,cloth, wool, weapons, armor, spices, glass, wine throughout Europe and meditarranean

• Florentine merchants loaned/invested money-they got control of papal banking(of Roman Catholic Church) by the end of 13th century-the profits gave economic success+allowed banking families to control city’s politics/culture

• Florentine mercantile families dominated european banking on both sides of the alps, set up offices in major European and North African cities→the profits went to urban industries like clothmaking→population growth

• The 1st quarter of the 14th century florence was so economically strong that it couldn’t be destroyed by severe crises-the Florentine merchant/historian Benedetto Dei praised his city(Florentine) for its shops,warehouses,banks

• Even through king edward 3 of england rejected to pay his debts to Florentine bankers, the black death and population loss, the city was still economically strong and grew again

• Florentine+other thriving italian cities had wealth→material pleasures+comfortable life+leisure time to appreciate/patronize the artsthe residents of venice/florence/genoa/rome saw life as an opportunity not pilgrimage to god

• merchants/bankers paid buildings built from architects and hired sculptors/painters to decorate homes/churches

• Communes-associations of free men in italian cities led by merchant guilds that sought political/economic independence from local nobles

• The northern italian cities were communes beginning in the 12th century but because of rivalries between/ powerful families(oligarchy) Italian communes were politically unstable

• The merchant guilds that formed the communes built/maintained city wall, dealt with trade/taxes/civil order-local nobles moved into the cities marrying daughters of rich commercial families and started businesses through dowry-italian nobility+commercial elite=powerful oligarchy

• Unrest from low classes made the political instability worse→condottieri→had mercenary armies and took over political power after replacing existing gov.

• Popolo-common people in italian cities who resented exclusion from power

• Merchant elites made it hard to get in communes and popolo were heavily taxed and resented exclusion from power→used armed forces to take over the city governments→republican government(political power in people and exercised by chosen representatives) was established in Italian cities like Bologna, Siena, Parma, Florence, genoa-this was temporary, popolo couldn't establish civil order within their cities→merchant oligarchies used condottieri

• Signori-gov. by 1 man rule in italian cities like milan-also refers to rulers

• Italian cities became signori(by condottiero/merchant/noble) where power was handed to son-small class of wealthy merchants ruled with facade of republican gov

• courts-households/palaces where signori and other rulers lived/did business and supported arts

• Signori/powerful merchant oligarchs turned their homes to courts-rulers of nations states later copied aspects of italian courts

• Courts→display wealth/power→main events (political business and ceremonies) were done there

• Renaissance Italians were attached to their city states-political loyalty+passion→lots of small states not 1 unified sate

• Venice,Milan, florence, papal states, and the kingdom of naples dominated italian peninsula in 15th century-kingdom of naples was under the control of the king of aragon

• The main 5 powers controlled smaller city states/competed for territory/powerful dominated weak

• Italian city states anticipated future relations with competing european states after 1500-the resident ambassador was 1 of greatest political achievements in italian renaissance

• 1 italian state got too much power→other's teamed up→alliances→.modern diplomacy(permanent embassies with resident ambassadors in capitals where political relations/commercial ties were monitored)

• End of the 15th century→venice/florence/milan/papacy had wealth/high cultural achievement-but they had a lot of invasions

• Florence+naples agreement to get milanese territories→milan got france for support-french king charles 8 invaded italy

• Prior to invasion savonarola preached in florence saying god would punish italy for its immorality/corrupt leadership-he held bonfires of the vanities where items that celebrated human beauty were burned together

• Florentines saw invasion as fulfilling of savaonarola’s prophecy→he became political/religious leader of new florentine republic-he punished people for non religiously acceptable or immoral behavior

• For some time savonarola was popular but people grew tired of his moral condemnations→he was excommunicated by the pope and tortured where he had burned items→medici returned as rulers of france

• French invasion→italian+european power politics-italy didn’t unify until 1870

• Italy was constantly attacked/invaded bc/ of failure to establish common foreign policy

McKay 362-365:

• The renaissance was educated Italians knowing they were living in a new era, printing press→ideas move through Europe

• Interest in latin/greek literature/philosophy

• Giorgio vasari-first to use word renaissance in print but petrarch felt it earlier by searching for latin texts and looking through ruins of roman empire

• Petrarch thought writer/artists were perfect in ancient rome→he though recovery of classical texts→intellectual achievement

• Petrarch thought the time between ancient rome and his present time were dark ages(barbaric invasions)

• He thought writers/artists would recapture glory of roman republic

• Humanism-human nature/achievement were worthy of reflection(told in classics)

• studia humanitatis-humanism-main intellectual component of renaissance

• glory of rome was highest(humanists thought) in the works of roman author cicero

• Bruni was first to divide history into 3 eras-ancient/medieval/modern

• Cicero supported return to republican gov during turbulent era

• Florentine humanists became interested in greek philosophy(as well as roman lit.)plato-platonic idea that highest form of love=spiritual desire for pure/perfect beauty not bodily desires-christian desire for the perfection of God

• Plato-spiritual+eternal over material+transient=christian teachings of immorality of soul

• mirandola-christian+classical texts taught him that universe is hierarchy of beings from God w/humanity in middle as link

• Renaissance thinkers were interested in individuals who had risen above background to be powerful-quality of virtushape the world around them according to their will-pinnacle of excellence

• Vasari-self claims that he models talent/achievement

• Alberti-self claims achievements-but he was really well accomplished-he was interested in strange/difficult things-not renaissance man

• (auto)biographies-people humanists thought were good models

• Thomas moore-perfect society-utopia

• Renaissance authors used plato’s teaching-learn something from its perfect/ideal form not examples

• humanists-Education not only for private/religious purposes but also for public goodlife active in the world=aim of educated individuals

• classics-broad/practical training than in unis

• humanist schools were established across florence,venice,other italian cities, across the alps in germany,france,england-ideas were put into practice

• Humanists-no education for women but women wanted education- woman’s role private/domestic

• Christianity-born with sins-humans are not perfect-opposite of greeks

• Determine when the renaissance began
  • 800CE
    • Renaissance ONLY for elite-Savonarola/Popolo didn’t get it
    • Faith remained strong
    • Community remained strong
    • SPAIN-already had renaissance
      • greek classics
      • Arab muslim learning
      • Universities
    • Charlemagne found great universities of Europe-Cologne, Paris, Oxford
  • 1450CE
    • Individualism emerges-clean break
      • Petrarch-archetype for renaissance, medieval man-archetype for shepherd
    • Trade
      • wool-florence-banking
      • Venice-silk road
        • Spices
        • Silk
        • paper
    • secular

• identify/explain WHY the renaissance started in Italy around 1450
  • Short term causes(1350-1450):
  • Trade-economic growth→be way ahead like(urban nobility/merchant oligarchs)
    • first in Venice-wins 4th crusades
    • Florence-papel/pope banking-medicis make money of good christians
  • Classical texts→Greeks(humans can achieve a lot)+Romans texts from Muslims in crusades
  • Merchant oligarchs
  • Arab technology-new technology-caravel
  • City states-competing with technology/trade/arts/lit.
  • Stable-embassies-balance of power

• Define “new” renaissance ideas
  • Commercialism
    • Because of economic growth
    • Need commercialism first for free time/ambition
  • Humanism
    • Study classical texts
      • Mirandola-learned greek/latin/arabic/hebrew
      • Alberti-neglected everything else and studied letters,
    • Humanists come out of the womb good-if humans are bad it’s their fault
    • People have free will
    • People have no limits
  • Individualism
    • unique-individual talents
    • Not communal-independent-self reliant
    • “For all”
  • Secularism
    • Focus on worldly things and get them now
  • Centralization

• Remember short term causes of the Renaissance
  • Economic growth
    • silk road owned by venice
    • Florence-banking for the pope-10% of money to church
    • Manufacturing wool by reinvesting capital
  • Greek+roman texts
  • New technology
    • Caravel-arabs
    • Printing press-china
  • Competing city states→urban nobility(marrying for money/power not god)
  • Stable government-embassies

• Remember that some people reject or do not gain in Renaissance

• Identify and explain how these key ideas are exemplified in these thinkers and their works
  • Petrarch-letter to friend
    • Interest in roman
  • Savonarola-sermons to france
    • Church is corrupt, people act like they have free will/they’re secular-they shouldn’t be that way
  • Alberti-universal man(auto-bio)
    • People have no limits
  • Mirandola-on the dignity of man
    • People have no limits
    • People have free will-can go from bad to good
  • Machiavelli-the prince
    • Humans are bad-want security and money
    • Secularism and individualism
    • Believes everything else about humanism but he thinks humans are bad
    • don’t get caught while being cunning/deceiving
    • Look religious but don’t be religious

• [Time, audience, purpose, place =point of view(bias)]
  • Power
  • Nationality
  • Class
  • Job
  • Gender
  • Age

• The purpose of government and how it changed
  • From theology to secularism
  • From communal focus to individual focus-individualism

• How to achieve wealth and power
  • From virtue(high moral standards) to cunning

• Why the view on politics’ purpose changed
  • Break treaties if needed
  • Give money/security

McKay 366-367

• Humanist academics-not open to women-but some women became educated in classics comparing acquiring reason to acquiring virtue(should be accessible to both genders)

• Baldassare Castiglione’s The Courtier had broad influence on education-physical beauty/delicacy/friendly/modest important for court ladies

• Castiglione said the educated man should have a broad background in many academic subjects

• The Courtiertranslated into diff. European languages+widely read

• Educated men should be active in the political affairs of their city-civic humanism

• People trying to improve+rise in social hierarchy used The Courtier as a handbook

• Humanists looked to classical past for model of ideal courtier/ruler while others used plato’s example(enlightened individual should rule)

• MOST FAMOUS civic humanist and best known political theorist-Niccolo Machiavelli-he ended up having no gov. Position later in life and attempted to regain employment

• Power struggles in florence→Medici family back to power→Machiavelli was arrested/tortured for plotting against them(organizing citizen army)

• First work of Machiavelli finished-most famous-The Prince-says that ruler/gov. must preserve order and security-Ruler can do whatever he needs to preserve state but should not make people turn against him-weakness leads to disorder

Mckay 367-369

• Machiavelli-humanisteffective rulers showed quality of virtue'-machiavelli's last words about fortune=better to be impetuous than cautious bc/fortune is a woman and it’s necessary to beat her and knock her down to keep it

• According to machiavelli-fortune’s power cannot be escaped by even the best prepared or the most merciless ruler

• The prince=first modern guide to politics, people later denounced him by saying machiavellian=cunning and ruthless/no pity or compassion for others, his pragmatic view of the purposes of gov., his discussion of the role of force/cruelty=unacceptable to many

• Medieval people thought governments were to be judged by principles of god, Machiavelli argued that governments should be judged by how well they gave security, order, safety to populace

• When Machiavelli’s secular view of the purposes of the government is popular-scholars debate if he meant it

• Machiavelli dedicated the prince to the new medici ruler of florence so there would be no criticism bc/ it was a job application-revenge on the medicis(he wrote the book to destroy the medicis indirectly)-to bring in rulers that could take down the medici family

• Some thought he was being satirical to contrast princely government to republicanism

Mckay 369-373

• Students from low countries(france,germany,england) went to italy and absorbed “new learning” and carried it back to their own countries

• Christian humanists-northern humanists who interpreted italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their own religious traditions
  • Best elements of classical and christian cultures should be combined

• Thomas Moore-english humanist-he wrote utopia-a perfect world where disagreement is not acceptable

• In Thomas moore’s utopia poverty and hunger were solved by a good government

• utopia ‘s purposes have been debated, it was widely read in latin then in vernacular translations-the title became standard for an imaginary society

• Dutch humanist-desiderius erasmus-wrote books/translation

• He wished that even the weakest woman and people of all languages could read the Bible

• 2 themes in Erasmus's work-his ideas+christian humanism=roots of the protestant reformation
  • Education in bible/classics–>moral/intellectual improvement
  • philosophy of christ-emphasis on inner spirituality/personal morality instead of scholastic theology or outward observances(pilgrimages)

• The immediate impact of humanists Petrarch and Erasmus's ideas were different because of the invention of the printing press with movable type-ideas of petrarch spread slowly while ideas of Erasmus spread quickly through print

• Printing with moveable type developed in germany-combination of existing tech.-made by johann gutenburg-the type was reusable

• Printing press- made possible by availability of paper(invented in china)-paper was brought into europe by muslim spain scholars

• More urban literacy, dev. of primary schools/universities→big market for reading

• People started copying gutenburg’s printing press for business

• Printing press changed private and public life of europe
  • Print shops-gathering for people interested in new ideas
  • Printers-connections with politics/art/scholarship

• Printing press→identical books→discussion

• Printed materials reached invisible audience-silent audience to join causes-groups with various geography formed common identity

• Government and church leaders used and worried about printing press→books were secretly printed and smuggled throughout europe

• Government and church leaders tried censoring books but it didn’t work

• print→upped literacy of laypeople→deep effect on private lives-print bridged the gap between written and oral cultures(read to illiterate readers)

• Wide range of topics in print-history to pornography

• renaissance→artistic masterpieces-painting/architecture/sculpture

• In all arts florence led the way but rome and venice also became important and northern europeans perfected their own styles

• Thesis
  • Tell which one of the 3 points is most important(most importantly…)(however, the most important was…)-better→(it led to…)(this was the foundation for…)
  • Answers the prompt

• Renaissance starts in italy-decentralized until 1861
  • Individual states need printing press-take off more

• Italian city state politics-easier to conquer-always fighting
  • Competing city states try to unify
    • Try not to waste money on military
  • Italian city states sign Treaty of lodi-establishes balance of power politics
    • Combine against enemies-balance of power politics
  • france(valois) and spain(hapsburgs)-both are centralized-strong/bigger-less innovative
    • France and spain get involved in this during habsburg/valois war for money

• Effects of the printing press on europe from 1450-1648-Chinese invent printing press-travel via silk road/crusades
  • Northern renaissance starts
  • More books
  • Literacy rates up
  • Propaganda/laws by government
    • states(princes) and church use it but church gets hit by it
  • Vernacular-anything but latin-anything but the church’s language
    • People don’t understand what church is saying
  • Cheaper books
  • Bigger worldview
  • Exploration
  • Silent reading not reading out loud
  • pornography

• Compare and contrast italian renaissance and humanism- starts economically–leads to short term success
  • Luxury goods
    • Silk
    • Paper
    • Spices
    • Wool
    • Textiles
    • Papel banking
  • classical texts
  • Secular
  • Individualism
  • City states

• Compare and contrast the northern renaissance and christian humanism-starts economically–leads to long term success for France/England/Spain
  • Bulk goods(good for economic recession so it’s good for the long term)-communal focus-more people
    • Agriculture
    • Wool
    • Lumber
    • iron
  • classical texts/bibles
  • Deepen spiritual piety/pious(piety=righteous living)
  • Communal focus
  • Nation states

• Define christian humanism and compare it to Machiavelli's philosophy
  • Chritian humanist and disagree with Machiavelli
    • Sir thomas moore(Great britain)
    • erasmus(great britain)-goes back to original greek testament-brings reform(accuracy) so people don’t go to hell
    • Christian humanism:
      • Bible+classics(the more it’s copied it lacks accurate info.)
      • Philosophy of christ-goes to god through himself not pope
      • Education-people can educate your way out of flaws
      • Reform institutions(reform state and church)
      • Goal of institutions to help community be pious-opposite of Machiavelli

Mckay 373-378

• Early renaissance italy-powerful urban groups showed off wealth by commissioning works of artthese works of art(ex. Dome on cathedral,bronze doors for the baptistery) showed merchant’s dominant influence in the community

• Wealthy individuals/rulers(merchants/bankers/popes/princes) NOT corporate groups sponsored works of art to glorify themselves and their families-lorenzo de medici said it gave his family a good reputation

• Patrons either just ordered a peice or oversaw the work closely and suggested themes and styles(demanding changes)(ex.Pope Julius 2 gave suggestions/criticisms for michelangelo-michelangelo’s reputation didn’t match the power of pope so he kept working until the chapel was finished)

• Art reveals power+changing patterns of consumption among western elite in european society-strozzi banking family of florence spent more on household goods than necessities

• As italian nobles settled in towns→adapted to urban culture

• the private chapel in palace(religious scenes/furniture)-largest showcase of wealth after the palace-center of household’s religious life+cult of remembrance of dead

• content/style of middle ages differed from middle ages-religious topics remained popular among patrons/artistspatron’s family was sometimes displayed-later with advanced/humanist ideas→classical themes/motifs spread→lives/loves of pagan gods and goddesses in painting/sculpture(sometimes facial features of gods were modeled on living people)

• Individual portrait-distinct artistic genre and while medieval paintings reflected spiritual ideal, renaissance portraits showed human ideals/realistic style

• Art in northern europe was more religious than in italy

• Albert durer saw first pieces of aztec art shipped from new world and was amazed

• Center of the new art shifted from florence to rome(rome-wealthy popes gave money to express church and their families power/piety)-popes gave a lot of money to beautify city

• Michelangelo got international reputation for redesigning plaza/surroundings and dome and ceiling wall for church’s

• Raphael sanzio-hundreds of portraits/devotional images→became most sought after artist in europe-he emphasized imitating nature and developing orderly sequence of design/proportion

• Venice became another artistic center

• Titian+other 16th century painters developed mannerism(distorted figures/exaggerated musculature/heightened color for better emotion and drama)

• Artist had special talent-they got rewarded/praised–michelangelo and leonardo da vinci=new concept of renaissance artists are geniuses

• Middle ages-god gave art through artists=artists got no praise while renaissance artists/humanists thought art was based on unique personality which transcended traditions/rules/theories

• Even major artists generally worked with patron’s requests—artists gathering→artist academies created by vasari in florence under the patronage of the medici

• As vasari indicates-artistic genius=for males only(major works)-women produced minor works(textiles/painting on porcelain/embroidery)-their work too became more natural/visually complex/classical but it was not considered individual genius→names were not given to the products

• No well known female architects/1 female sculptor and several well known female painters-had no access to newly established artistic academies—like universities, humanist academies/artistic workshop=are for bonding of males only

• Women/people in cities/village people MAINLY/rural people were not affected by highly educated humanists-schooling came from parents not formally

*2 pieces of renaissance art on test use free art notes

• The vision of the throne of god and the 24 elders-medieval work-god in middle and kings in the side-church patron of both-religion in both
  • Bigger is better in medieval art-jesus is big in this piece
  • Craftsmen-medieval
  • God is better/god has law code/god is coming from picture for you→fear

• The last supper-leonardo da vinci-took 4 years to make-in cafeteria of monks-renaissance work-communal with jesus talking to people-church patron of both-religion in both
  • Negative space-jesus has elbow space
  • Using art technique to show jesus
  • Educated genius-leonardo da vinci-humanist
  • Humanizing of jesus-jesus is with people
  • Has Stoic expression-calm/non effort
  • Has individualism
  • The first communion-eating
  • Jesus has open arms-no fear

• People commissioning renaissance art always have message for audience

• Pieter Bruegel the Elder “The Hunters in the Snow”(1565)

1. The piece is Northern Renaissance in style because it shows scenes of everyday life(hunting,making fire,ice skating-they’re making preparations for cold weather). It also shows extreme detail(the thin branches dusted with snow, the people look like they had an unsuccessful hunt from the drooped heads and shoulders of the people and the dogs, only 1 person is shown to have had a successful hunt because only the person on the left is carrying an animal over his shoulder, a person carrying wood over a bridge, the people on the lake look like they are playing hockey, the details of the water mill and the mountains). Also, the artist’s patron is an individual of power(banker), the figure shares naturally posed people- which shows human dignity.

1. It reflects northern society/attitudes-different from medievalism
   1. Promotes ethical living-the hunters are hard working because they just came back from a hunt, and the dogs are following their masters -promotes virtue-also shows piety
   2. Their lives aren’t luxurious and filled with silk and spices, instead they have hard lives with difficult weather
   3. Shows communal focus-everyone is gathered on lake playing a game-there’s a group of hunters, there’s a group of people with the fire-there’s not much individualism-people are working hard so the community can prosper not just themselves

1. The patron is banker Nicholas Jonghelinck, he places it in his dining room, he patronizes this work to depict the labors of the months and depict the general mood/atmosphere of the society during that particular month, this reflects life in northern renaissance europe because in the north there was a formation of merchant class patrons buying artwork like the patron of this piece and it shows righteous/hard working living, this is different from medievalism because there’s not a lot of agriculture in the picture, and it doesn’t look like the people are in fear or are preparing for war, this is different from italian humanism because in Italian humanism it’s expressed that humans have no limits but in the picture the hunters are shown to be not very successful in hunting

1. This work proves that 1450 is a turning point because it looks like they have wood and they’re wearing clothes so they must have some type of trade going on, what clings to the medieval world is their lack of technology, isolatedness(with the mountains), they probably have a fear of hell because life on earth is also very tough for them, and they’re communal focused

1. Shows shift from religious authority to one based on classical and observation of the natural world because the landscape(trees, mountains) are given an important role in the picture and they show an importance for the natural world, it reflects the high middle ages because the people are very community based

McKay 381-383

• Renaissance people would have understood the concept of gender but they would not have understood that it refers to categories of people-they were discussing social constructions of gender

• learned men and a few women debated about women’s character/nature(called debate about women)-there were misogynist and non misogynist(supporting women) arguments

• Printing press→popular interest in debate about women around europe

• Some depicted biblical women as good and women in contemporary clothes as immoral, Virtuous wife=snail or tortoise

• Later the debate about women→debate about female rulers and if women should rulequeen elizabeth 1 presented masculine characteristics→no rebellions against women

• Dominant notion of true man was as a married head of house-more politically powerful than non-married men-unmarried men could not be a part of ruling council in Venice

• Women had to be married(even if it was later in life)→women’s work was valued less than men’s(and they got paid less)

• Gender most natural hierarchy-men dominant and women subordinate=proper functioning society

• Remember medieval gender politics
  • All women work outside or with men
  • UNIT-male and female-no single life
    • Men can go alone
    • They’re not equal
  • Equal value for each person’s work-work is equal

• Explain how and why gender roles and views on gender changed and continued from the Medieval period through the Renaissance(anything that changes is part of why 1450 a turning point)
  • Men who made it=their wives don’t have to work-doesn’t start with bad intentions
  • Identify and explain how people from 1450-1648 viewed :
  • elite women(gets worse)
    • Can be educated-letters(classics)/music/dance/art/witty conversation/religion/morality not chaste/romance
    • moral-virtue(angel)
    • Vain and superficial
    • Daughters of Eve(continuity)-caused adam to get out of heaven-caused first sin
    • Temptresses-they tempt men and teach them to do wrong
  • What roles they gave women
    • Promote men careers
    • Decorate their men
    • Women can’t be independent-can’t give them political power
    • Tame men-powerful force that must be controlled-for society to function men must be tamed-ladies should get married to control
    • Separate spheres-continuity- in medieval period men and women did different things but had equal values but here there’s not equal value
      • Private life for women
      • public and private for men-public life is more value
      • Women have to be moral
      • Men get to teach secular/science stuff to children
  • What their place in society did women have
    • religion/morality

Mckay 383-387

• High middle ages had origins of institutions of modern state, Resurgent power of feudal nobility→weakened centralizing work

• Strong monarchy→development of states, No effective leadership during the hundred years war

• Rulers used aggressive methods to rebuild government first in italy then in France/England/Spain to establish order -monarchs of western europe emphasized royal/urban majesty but holy roman emperors in central europe couldn’t do the same(couldn’t create unified state)

France

• Black death+100 years way_>depopulated, commercially ruined, agriculturally weak→-Charles 7 recovered france with monarchy

• Charles restored relationships between burgundians and armagnacs after 30 years civil war-charles strengthened royal finances through taxes on certain products and land

• France expelled majority of england out of france except in calais

• Charles established companies of cavalry and archers→charles created first permanent royal army in europe

• Charles’s son=louis 11 called spider king for character of deception-gained anjou/bar/main /province bc/ of extinction of house of anjou

• 2 events strengthened french monarchy= marriage of Louis 12 and Anne of Britanny & mutual satisfaction between Francis 1 and Pope Leo X about church/state powers→french kings could select bishops/abbots/policies of church officials in the kingdom

England

• English suffered from disorders of 15th century→aristocracy dominated the government of Henry 4→ authority of monarchy sank deep

• Aristocracy was corrupt/violent and there was population decline

• Bad trade/agriculture/domestic industry

• Yorkist edward 4, richard 3, henry 7 used methods machiavelli would have praised(brave, efficient, secret) to establish domestic tranquility/royal prestige/crush power of nobility/order at local level

• Edward 4, tudors(except henry 8) conducted foreign policy on diplomatic basis→no expensive wars→english monarchy didn’t have to depend on parliament for money and crown undercut source of aristocratic influence

• Henry 7 met with parliament to confirm laws but center of royal authority was the royal council(national level)

• Court of royal council used direct counters to the before english common law(harsher) but it reduced aristocratic troublemaking

• Henry 7 died he left a country with domestic and international peace/good treasury/growing wool trade/crown with dignity and important role

Spain

• Use spain notes from the new monarchs

• identify/explain the context surrounding the rise of the “new monarchs” of the 15th century
  • Holy roman empire-decentralized→wars
    • Pope runs the Holy roman empire-gets money through taxes and uses taxes to maintain power in France/spain/england?
  • Italian city states
    • Competition-fighting →people hold on to money→not good for economy
    • Rich
    • Treaty of Lodi-balance of power
    • Decentralized
    • Habsburg/Valois wars in Italian city states for wealth(and it’s easy to conquer bc/they’re decentralized)-war shows balance of power politics due to who supports who
      • Hapsburg win every time→got money→exploration
  • Church is powerful/political entity
    • Tithe-tax
    • Investiture-choosing bishops
  • Treaty of lodi/BOP/Shifting alliances
    • Ottomans+poland
    • Italian city states
    • Hapsburg/valois wars
    • Holy roman empire
    • Printing press
    • Machiavelli

• identify/explain universal techniques used by ALL the new monarchs in the 15th century to CENTRALIZE power-taking away church power
  • Standing army
  • Collect taxes(spend tax money on military)
  • Reform to get control of the church(Spain and France)→england doesn’t control church yet→late to exploration
  • Control culture and cities(bc/aristocracy controls land)
  • Control aristocracy(princes→decentralized)
  • Bring stability and peace-merchants want peace
  • Collect taxes-to standing army
  • Standing army
  • Subordinante church
  • Subordinate aristocracy(nobles) with merchants
  • Utilized commercial and professional groups(merchants)
  • Marriage politics

• Compare and contrast the Tutors, Volis, and Hapsburg monarchs in their quest to successfully CENTRALIZE their nations
  • Habsburg and valois controlled church while Tutors didn’t
  • Valois:
    • Concordat of Bologna
    • Got bribe money to appoint bishops/archbishops→used money for exploration
    • In church bishop will say king is great
    • The french HAVE to protect pope during war-alliance
    • Brought stability/peace from 100 years war and tried to in the hapsburg/valois war but failed→debt
    • Collect taxes
    • Standing army but lost in hapsburg/valois wars→debt(big problem)
    • Subordinated church by protecting pope(shifting alliance) and pope gives them investiture and tithe( helps debt)
      • Concordat of bologna-subordinate church
    • Subordinate aristocracy by giving them land-noble of the robe(the valois’s noble not nobles of blood)
      • Nobles of the robe got tax free status from king(long term-debt short term-sovereignty for king)
    • Utilized merchants
    • Marriage politics?
  • Hapsburgs
    • Ferdinand Isabella got investure and tithe power while church had to kick out jews and musilims-reconquista→nationalism
    • Marriage politics-dad is using daughters for marriage politics
    • Muslims in granada-spain tells muslims in granada to convert/leave/die to help church
    • Muslims go to ottoman empire and brazil
    • Spain give granada to nobles to get the nobles on their side
    • Spain kicked out bankers/traders(muslims)-long term disadvantage
    • Jews converted-conversos→spain thought they were still being jewish→anti semitism
    • reconquista:
    • Bring stability and peace-reconquista→1 religion
    • Collect taxes-reconquista→get land from granada wo/jews and muslims(gives granada to aristocracy)
    • Standing army-reconquista-nobles help you
    • Reconquista gives money for exploration
    • Church gave investiture and tithe to hapsburgs
    • Controlled aristocracy with merchants-hermandades(people who are in courts)
      • People have to got to kings courts-nobles lose their case every time
    • Marriage politics
  • Tutors-long term success
    • Marriage politics
    • Stability and peace after war of the roses
    • merchants→wool industry-kings will help wool industry to get nobility/aristocracy on their side
    • Didn’t collect taxes-parliament collects taxes instead of tutors(magan carta allowed this)
      • No expensive wars(merchants like this) bc/they have to go to parliament for money
      • Spend their own money for foreign policy
      • Married hapsburgs to avoid foreign wars(hapsburgs were winning the wars)
    • Have standing army but can’t use it bc/they have to ask parliament for money
    • Don’t subordinate church or aristocracy
    • Star chamber

• 15th century(1400s)
  • Poland+ottoman empire are dominant force in Europe in the 15th century-in Eastern Europe
    • Ottoman are number 1
  • Centralizing states go west
  • Balance of power, habsburg/valois wars, and don’t want to deal with poland and ottomans(didn’t want to deal with muslims/jews)→exploration

• Rank the new monarchs from best to worst in their centralization and support the ranking with evidence
  • GB, france, spain-worst to best

Mckay 330-331, 339-341, 392-395

• Traditional view=plague had bad effect on europe

• Black death→european inflation→workers could demand better wages and survivor could live a life with a higher standard of living, need for labor→mobility for peasants/artisans

• People saw plague as God punishing them for their sin→the cure for them was religious practices(praying/being pious)

• Flagellants formed-people who believed plague was god’s punishment for sins→flagellated/whipped themselves

_______

• Conflicts between secular european rulers and pope were common in the high middle ages

• King philip pressured clement V to settle in avignon→Babylonian captivity-70 years the ancient Hebrews were held captive in mesopotamian babylon→damaged papal prestige

• 7 popes of avignon showed atmosphere of luxury/extravagance

• Roman citizens of papal court in rome wanted italian→so they got urban VI

• Urban VI had good intentions for church reform but bad execution-cardinals elected cardinal robert of geneva(clement VII) at avignon-urban VI in rome and Clement VII at avignon→great schism

• Great schism-split in church leadership from 1378-1417 when there was 2 then 3 popes

• Powers of europe aligned themselves with urban or clement- france chose french pope clement and england chose italian pope(france’s enemy) urban-powers of europe chose popes according to allies/enemies of france england

• Schism weakened religious faith of many christians+brought church leadership into bad reputation-joan of spoleto agreed with this

• Criticism of church during avignon papacy and great schism by highly learned clergy and lay professionals-william of occan said govt should have limited power and be accountable to the people and church and state should be separate-marsiglio of Padua agreed with this

• Conciliarists emerged-people who believed that the authority in the roman church should rest in general council with clergy, theologians, and laypeople rather than in pope alone

• John wyclif(his followers were dubbed lollards) and jan hus went further than the conciliarists in their argument against medieval church structure

• Ongoing schism→threatened church and people of europe called for council→council of pisa→the people in the council wanted neither popes and wanted new ones but the avignon and roman popes wouldn’t resign→threefold schism (1 extra pope elected at pisa)

• Great council meet at the imperial city of constance to wipe out heresy, end schism, and reform church→it achieved first 2 and a meeting elected a new leader=Martin V

• Martin dissolved council+nothing was done about church reform→layed ways to reformation of 1500s

_______

• Lot of people had dissatisfaction with the church→ideas of martin luther spread→central Europe+scandinavia broke up with catholic church and radical concepts of christian message were linked to social reform

• In early 1500s people of all social groups put lots of time/income into religious causes/foundations

• Because of piety people were critical of roman ctaholic church-the prestige of the church leaders were crushed-papal tax collection/doctrines taught was attacked→in bohemia there was a church independent of Rome a century before luther

• In early 1500 widespread anticlericalism was showed-opposition of clergy-critics focused on 3 problems-clerical immorality/ignorance/pluralism(holding more than 1 church office at a time)

• Resentment against upper levels of church(people disliked clerical privileges+not fulfilling their duty)-church started becoming foreign to people

• Martin luther-professor+priest→reformation

• Martin luther cited professorship as jurisdiction for his reforming work-his study of saint paul’s letters in the new testament-.salvation and justification came only from faith, faith is a free gift of god and doesn’t require effort, God's work is revealed through scripture not tradition of church

• Pope Leo X authorized sale of a special saint peter’s indulgence to finance building plans in rome-

• Indulgence-document by catholic church lessaning penance or time in purgatory(way to heaven)-it was widely believed to forgive all sins

• Johann tetzel used slogan to promote indulgences→successful

• Luther was troubled that people believe that no more remorse was needed after indulgences→wrote 95 theses on the power of indulgences and hung it to church door but it was written in latin(church goers couldn’t understand)

• Martin luther’s call for reforms didn’t stop→he wrote a series of pamphlets moving away from catholic theology-luther understood power of print→authorized publication of his works

• Luther’s appearance in the diet of worms(assembly)→broader audience for reform→people of central europe called for change like luther

• Identify and explain the context of the 16th century Reformation
  • Catholic church reforms-council of trent

• Decipher the long term and short term causes of the 16th century reformation, and whether they are ecclesiastical, political, or economical

• Argue whether 1517 is a turning point in European history

• Long term causes-11th-14th centuries-make 1517 not a turning point
  • Great schism and babylonian captivity
    • 1378-1417-Avignon
    • Babylonian captivity-rome is disease ridden so church doesn’t want to stay there(afraid of plague)-moved papacy to Avignon, france from 1378-1417
    • Rome loses money from all the people gone from rome to avignon→elect new pope
    • 2 popes have different message-1 is lying-heaven or hell
    • Holy roman emperor elects new pope-⅓ chance to heaven(2 popes are lying)
  • The plagues
    • 13th century
    • Church is not helping
    • Faith in god but don’t trust institution
    • Questioning power of church
    • Indulgences don’t work bc/plague still hits them-church lied
    • Father is afraid of touching people to give last rites-afraid of plague
  • Mystics forced underground
  • Church abuses(simony, absenteeism, pluralism, nepotism, and immorality)
  • All former reformers(Wycliffe and Hus) were silenced
    • Written word
    • Wycliff and hus say maybe we don’t need institution
      • Focus on bible and learn it themselves
      • Put bible in vernacular
      • Need less institution
      • Wycliff and Huss are burned-luther didn’t die because people lived through renaissance
  • The roman catholic church had power over eternal life and temporal life
    • Eternal soul-earth
    • Power of physical life-investiture and tithe
    • Cause for reformation bc/church had too much power-abused it
    • Triumphant christendom-church power

• Short term causes-15th century
  • Frederick the wise of saxony sought to gain power and sovereignty
    • New rising princes can help people using religion and people jump at the chance
  • Carlos 1 of spain aspired to become holy roman emperor
  • Christian humanism(reform institution)
  • Growth of new nationalism under new monarchsthrow away power of church
  • Growth of urban trading centers/citiesspread ideas
  • Growth of the merchant and professional class-spread ideas

Mckay 397-399

• Ulrich Zwingli-most important early reformer other than Luther-reform of church in Zurich(used scriptures/reformed church)-he had strong support of city authorities

• people who wanted break from Rome=Protestants

• protestants=the name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-catholic western christian groups

• German princes of diet of speyer protested decisions of catholic majority→protestants

• Protestantssalvation comes from faith alone not faith and good works-god not people initiates salvation, authority rested in bible alone not in bible and traditional teachings of church-only baptism had scriptural support, the rituals of the church didn’tchurch is a spiritual priesthood of all believers not fixed in place/person NOT hierarchical clerical institution of the roman Catholic Church by the pope in rome-every person should serve God in their individual calling not monastic/religious life over secular life

• Protestants didn’t agree on everything-important area of dispute-eucharist(communion/last supper)

• Colloquy of marburg-tried to unite protestants in this dispute but didn’t-protestants agreed about almost everything else

• pulpits/printing presses spread protestant message in germany→people of all social classes rejected catholic teachings and became protestant

• Luther’s teachings-simple personal religion by faith-spirit of early church-scriptures-abolition of elaborate ceremonies-clergy pay tax too

• Wood cuts+illustration spread luther’s message to illiterate

• Luther led to acceptance of german as the standard written version of the german language

• Political authorities/religious leaders were appointed on the basis of their acceptance of protestant ideas-luther and Zwingli played a part in managing this

• Lot of territories became protestant in holy roman empire during 1520s

Mckay 399-404

• While luther+zwingli worked with political authorities, some people rejected the idea that the church and state should be united→groups in switzerland/germany/Netherlands wanted to create a voluntary community of believers separate from the state-called radicals

• Some practiced adult baptism-called anabaptists by enemies bc/baptism at birth is norm

• Anabaptists and other radicals were banished or punished

• Anabaptists allowed women to preach-people didn’t like that

• German peasants were living in bad economic condition and used scriptures and radical thinkers(luther) to justify their demands

• Luther wanted to prevent the german peasants rebellion but he didn’t want to go against legally established secular powers(bc/he wanted independence from roman catholic church)

• German peasants war-1525-strengthened authority of lay rulers-reformation lost much popular appeal after 1525

• Luther+zwingli believed that priest should marry→their wives had to live up to their husbands’ convictions that marriage is better than celibacy-they had to show wifely obedience+christian charity

• Protestants-women were to be subject to men-women should be obedient and men should exert power(even physically) if needed

• Protestants saw marriage as contract-marriage was created by god, so they should be well with their spouses

• For protestants divorce was desperate last source but available unlike catholic doctrine that saw marriage as sacramental union that could not be dissolved(could be seperated but no remarriage)

• Protestants-marriage was remedy for sex-no prostitiuton

• protestants-positive impact on marriage but not women-marriage is the only option for upper class protestant women-non married men and women didn’t belong to godly society

• No 1500s protestants allowed women in clergy but female rulers>determined religious policies just like male rulers

• Start to identify and explain the EFFECTS of the 16th century Reformation starting w/ the impact on women
  • Change
  • Continuity

• Identify and explain the core idea of protestantism
  • Faith alone saves
  • Scriptures is sole authority-if church/pope attacks luther they would be attacking the bible
  • Priesthood of all believers-anyone who’s baptized is priest to god
  • Vocation of merit-use your talents to the best of your ability and god will be happy and give merit-sounds a little humanist
  • 2 sacraments-(catholics believe in 7 sacraments and you must do 6 to go to heaven)
    • Eucharist
    • Baptist-jesus got baptized
  • Consubstantiation-jesus didn’t literally turn into bread and wine-he has a spiritual presence in those objects(catholics believe transconsubstaniation-jesus transformed into bread and wine literally)
  • Vernacular
  • Priests can marry
  • Marriage is a contract
    • 3 ways for divorce from bible-change for women-abuse/adultery(cheating)/abandonment
  • Simple church-no candle-no saints-no stained windows

• Identify the spark and spark issue and core issue
  • Luther and 95 theses-1517
  • Luther theology professor-influenced by humanism to have discussion with students-he didn’t look to lead a revolution
  • Lutheran was mainly ticked by indulgences(for living and dead people)-only rich people can go to heaven
  • People didn’t want tithe money going towards pope
  • Luther wants everyone to have faith in the bible
  • Luther questioned the power of the church/pope’s authority
  • Wants to reform not break church for the good of people
  • Luther thinks man is pure evil but besides that he is like a chritian humanist
  • Luther writes to german princes-they can reform+they have printing press
  • Frederick the wise is luther’s prince who protects/supports him

• Remember the short term causes of the 16th century reformation(15th century)-1517 not turning point
  • Printing press-propaganda
    • Illustration during reformation-pope(tall U hat)-priests(no hat)-cardinals(wide brimmed hat-red)-paper with 3 coins=indulgence

• Remember the long term causes of the 16th century reformation(11th-14th century)-1517 not turning point

• Protestant key tenets-ALL branches believe these key ideas
  • Salvation through faith alone
  • Bible is sole/ultimate authority
  • Priesthood of all believers
  • Vocation of merit
  • 2 sacraments(eucharist+baptism)–sacrament is a religious ceremony
  • Priests can marry
  • Use of vernacular
  • No icons
  • Marriage is a contract

• Varieties of protestantism
  • Lutheranism
  • Calvinism
    • Huguenots in france
    • presbyterian(john knox) in scotland
  • Anabaptism
    • Mennonites
    • Amish
    • Quakers
  • anglicanism(church of england)
    • Church of scotland
    • Episcopalians in the U.S.

• Remember spark

• Identify/explain the EFFECTS of the 16th century reformation on the 16th and 17th century-1517 IS a turning pointamerican dream comes from this
  • Women
    • Change
    • Divorce for protestant ladies(marriage is a contract) but women stay in private sphere-only males can go to court-hard to find people to testify against him-tough to get divorce
    • Marry, saints, robe models gone
      • Saints are human beings that made it to heaven
    • Active roles in church and charity
    • Anabaptists-let women preach-radicals
    • Literacy goes up-can study scriptures
  • Christian unity-political power effect
    • Catholic church used to have power-unity of roman catholic church splits
      • kings/princes/aristocracy like this split
      • all 4 fight for centralizing power+religion
    • Reformation shatters united christendom(christian brothers unity)–kings/princes/church fight for power and to restore unity and they fight for religion
    • Potential religious wars-german states/poland
    • Civil wars(wars between people of the same country)-england/france/netherlands
  • Rebellions
    • Continuity
    • abuse/adultery/abandonment→court
    • Catholics still gett mary saints rob models
    • People think women shouldn’t preach-keep private sphere(home+charity organizations)
    • Read bible to be moral and teach family-private sphere

Mckay 407-414

• States in holy roman empire-earliest to accept protestant reformation

• Later Denmark-Norway/Sweden/England/France/eastern europe had religious change

• 2nd generation of reformers built on lutheran and zwinglian-John Calvin

• Kingdom of denmark-norway-first to officially accept reformation
  • Northern norway and iceland were forced into lutheranism unwillingly

• Sweden-Gustauv Vasa-protestant ideas spread but the swedish church didn’t accept lutheran theology until later

• England’s break with rome-desire of Henry 8 for a new wife (he wanted a son but only got 1 girl)→he removed the english church from papal jurisdiction-used parliament to end authority of pope and make himself the supreme head of the church in england

• Henry-theologically was conservative-he agreed to place english bible in every church-decided to dissolve English monasteries for wealth→gave wealth back to upper class→strengthened upper class+tied upper class to tudors and new protetsant church

• Nationalization of church+dissolution of monasteries→important changes in admin.-Henry 8’s reign-growth of modern centralized bureaucratic state

• Some recited protestants prayers in church while keeping pictures of the catholic saints at home under henry 8

• Loyalty to catholic church strong in ireland-irish opposed reformation-roman church was driven underground+catholic clergy=national/religious leaders

• Under the rule of Edward 6(Henry 8’s son)-protestantism was imp.

• Mary tudor-devout catholic

• Elizabeth’s reign-started religious stability

• Beginning of elizabeth reign-some wanted roman catholic ruler some wanted no catholic elements in the church of england at all(puritans)

• Elizabeth chose middle course between ctaholic/protestant extremes-but church still remained hierarchical under her

• Towards the end of the 16th century-elizabeth’s reign was threatened by european powers attempting to re-establish Catholicism

• the spanish armada(fleet sent by philip 2 in 1558 against england as a religious crusade against protestantism-weather+ English fleet defeated it)→quality of spanish fleet improved

• Defeat of spanish armada→philip 2 couldn’t impose Catholicism on england

• Defeat of spanish armada→in england gave a david and goliath legend that enhanced english national sentiment

• Battle in english channel-most decisive in world history

• calvin converted to protestantism-believed god selected him to reform church-worked to establish disciplined christian society where church and state acted together

• The institutes of the christian religion-calvin-theology for protestantism-god had absolute power and is everywhere and people were nothing compared to him-no free will to people

• calvin-predestination(god chose already salvation/damnation based on will/purpose not bc/ of merit/works)

• Calvinists-owns actions could do nothing to change one’s fate–hard work/thrift(using money well)/moral conduct meant people were elected for salvation

• calvin→geneva based on religious principles→most powerful in geneva wer consistory who investigated/disciplined deviation from doctrine/conduct

• Serious crimes/heresy handled by civil authorities with consistory’s approval in geneva-torture was somtimes used(michael servetus)

• geneva→model of christian community for protestant reformers

• Calvinists-any occupation was God's calling and should be done well-activism in work/religion

• Calvinism spread in europe and found a ready audience in scotland

• John knox→establishment of state church
  • He wanted to structure scottish church after model in geneva→presbyterian church of scotland has calvinist doctrine

• politics/economics determined course of reformation in W and N europe-ethnic factors considered in europe(had diversity)

• Catholic reformation in bohemia→causes of 30 years war

• By 1500 poland+grand duchy of lithuania were jointly governed by king/senate/diet(parliament)-combined forces to make poland-lithuania largest european political entity-it was also very diverse

• Doctrinal differences in calvinists/lutherans/others-opposition to catholicism→counter reformation

• bc/ of jesuits poland was again firmly roman catholic

• Hungary-lutheranism was spread but they were punished in fear of german heresy by ctaholic hierarchy

• Ottomans defeated hungary→hungary into 3 parts:ottoman turks/hapsburgs/ottoman supported janos zapolya

• Turks were indifferent to religious conflicts of christians-they saw as infidels

• Majority of Hungarians were lutheran until hapsburg rule which led to catholic restoration

Renaissance test review-strategies

• Closer a ? is to a stimulus the more it will need the stimulus

• Some ?s don’t need stimulus at all

• All of the following except ?s should be made into true or false ?s

• Stimulus ?s are all interconnected-can use the answers to previous ?s

• Think about each answer individually-it’s not about what seems right, it’s about what is right

• If 2 answers are left, choose the one that’s the root cause-will work most of the time

• in all of the following except ?s try to find which one does not belong in the group

• You know all the information-be able to use it in a different context

• Identify and explain the ideas that differentiate Calvinists and Anabaptists from other Protestants sects/branches

• identify/explain effects of the 16th century reformation on 16th and 17th century on…

• Us epicture
  • Christian unity shattered
    • All are christians
    • everyone but roman catholics+eastern orthodox are protestants
    • Don’t want other branches of christianity in their domain
    • 1 state-1 religion–>leave or die
    • Religious refugees can go to american colonies,brazil, 13 colonies of england
  • All want 1 state 1 faith

political/social impact of luther

• Impact on german princes(aristocracy/nobles) of reformation=used faith to grab power from kings+roman catholic church(Holy romaan emperor)-may love faith but it’s mostly about land

• 300 fighting german princes→Charles V fought to keep religious unity over the holy roman empire;settled for treaty of augsburg in 1555-state control over a religious institution-like concordat of bologna and reconquista-state controls religious institutions-state gets investiture/tithe-centralizing) bc/Merchants+professional classes don’t like war(during war people don’t like to invest their money)

• reformation→people moving
  • In treaty of augsburg:
    • Choose today whether to be lutheran or catholic-princes get investiture/tithe/some church land→refugees for religious freedom
      • King like people who chose catholic
      • Lutherans get church lands
    • Prince chooses, appropriates Church land, and state follows
      • All people have to follow what religion the prince chose or they move
    • Germany kept divided until the 19th century bc/ of diff. Religions
  • Impacts on peasants:
    • Bc of luther Peasants think no one has power over them→peasant revolts
    • Princes unite for peasant revolts
    • Want their spiritual freedom to match economic and political freedompeasant revolts in germany states-”be my own priest” “read and interpret the bible for myself”
    • Chales V wanted to unite against peasants
    • Rebellion of 1525 and the “twelve articles”(what they didn’t like)
    • Luther meant spiritually but the peasants took no power over them in all ways
    • Luther consulted scripture when asked for help by peasants-scripture said obey authority>-luther sides with princes-altered german mindset forever
  • Protestants break into many sectarian branches-all believe in lutheranism+this below___
    • Calvinism:
      • Calvin was french but settled in geneva, switzerland
      • Geneva-puritans in england and the huguenots in france(bc/they’re french)-bc/ people in parliament opposed to king
        • New means underlined
        • Original sin>baptize
        • Predestinationmatches with original sin-god chooses who goes to heaven-calvinists think god is merciful to save some(they think WELL of god)-don’t know if chosen or not-live well just in case
        • Hard work and education(scripture) bc/ of original sin and predestination
          • They believe it leads to success
        • Genevan consistory-council of protestant church of geneva
    • Anabaptists
      • Practices only adult baptism-no infants-adults needed to make a choice to be christian
      • Women could be clergy members
      • Pacificts(don’t want war-won’t fight) and wanted separation of church and state(no oaths and could not be drafted)

Mckay 414-417

• 1517-1547 protestantism made good advances-development in catholic church after protestant reformation:
  • Drive for internal reform
  • Counter reformation that opposed protestants intellectually, politically, militarily, and institutionally

• papacy/new religious orders/council of trent(1545-1563) were important agents for both 2 movements

• Renaissance pope/advisers wanted church reform but didn’t want to lose power/money by assembling a general council representing the entire church

• Paul 3 reformed church well w/education for clergy/end of selling church offices/stricter control of clerical life

• 1542-pope paul 3 established supreme sacred congregation of the roman and universal inquisition(aka holy office-roman catholic agency to combat international doctrine heresy)-within papal states holy office effectively destroyed heresy but outside papal states it had less change

• Pope paul 3 called general council-met from 1545 to 1563 at trent to reform catholic church+secure reconciliation with protestants-lutherans and calvinists did not participate in council because it wasn’t solely based on scripture-the different political objectives of charles 5(avoid alienating lutheran nobility in the empire) and france(wanted catholics+lutherans to remain divided to keep germany decentralized/weak) worked against reconciliation

• Council of trent-solid basis for spiritual renewal of the catholic church-first time great emphasis was laid on preaching/instructing lay people(uneducated)

• Council of trent-for marriage to be valid it can’t be done privately-important social consequences for lay people-less denial/conflicts

• doctrinal/disciplinary legislation of trent-basis for roman catholic faith/organization/practice in 1900s

• Religious orders aimed at raising moral/intellectual level of clergy/people

• Jesuits-goal was to spread roman catholic faith

• New religious order-some focused on education

• Ursuline orders of nuns-focused on the education of women-rapidly spread to france and new world

• Jesuits(Society of Jesus founded by ignatius loyola)-powerful international role in strengthening catholicism in europe and spreading faith around the world-work of loyola→structured mediation to develop spiritual discipline/meld with will of god-called spiritual exercises

• The first jesuits-from wealthy merchant/professional families-saw mission to better people’s spiritual condition not alter doctrine-not to reform church but to help souls

• Society of jesus developed into highly centralized/tight knit organization

• jesuits-confessors/spiritual directors of kings-exerted great political influence

Mckay 404-407, 417-420

• Electors of the holy roman empire chose hapsburg prince-charles V as emperor

• war/diplomacy/marriage-ways state increased power in 16th century

• Marriage of maximilian and mary angered the french who considered burgundy french territory-centuries of conflict between austrian house of hapsburgs and kings of france

• Charles V-catholic-believed god has set him toward world monarchy+his duty to maintain political/religious unity of western christendom

• Religion-public matter-ruler chose faith-presence of faith different from majority was considered political threat to the security of state-few believed in religious liberty

• Luther appealed to german princes w/sense of german nationalism(even though germany was decentralized)

• Many political authorities in germany became protestant for wealth(to confiscate other people's wealth)/power+enhance independence from emperor

• Charles V-vigorous defender of catholicism-reformation(which spread to germany)→religious wars
  • Switzerland-catholic and protestant sides fought→treaty-each canton can determine its religion and must give up foreign alliances
  • 13 territories in switzerland-cantons

• Charles V-tried to stop religious division-imperial diet

• Augsburg confession→charles V doesn’t accept and orders all protestant sects to go back to catholic church→northern and southern german cities(both protestants) form military alliance while Charles V was in habsburg-valois wars

• charles V-defended church/empire-wanted religious unity+unified state

• fighting→Charles V was successful→peace of augsburg→political authority would choose catholic or lutheran→no freedom of religion in the territory→religious refugees

• Peace of augsburg ended religious war in germany for many decades

_______

Mckay 417-420

• france/spain signed treaty of cateau-cambresis-ended long habsburg-valois wars were spain won

• Habsburg valois war→france lost→increase taxes/borrow heavily

• French rulers were attracted to calvinism-later significant amount of population became calvinist

• French calvinists-huguenots

• French nobles adopted protestantism as religious cloak for independence-fighting between calvinists and catholics in france

• Calvinist teachings-questioned power of sacred images>calvinist burnt sacred images of catholics and catholics defended the images

• Politiques saved france-they were small group that moderated both faiths

• Politiques believed only strong monarchy could reverse trend

• Henry 1V-saved france by willingly sacrificing religious principles for political necessity

• Henry converted to Catholicism and issued the edict of nantes-liberty of conscience and public worship to huguenots

• Reign of Henry 1V+edict of nantes→french absolutism in the 1600s by helping restore internal peace in france

• Netherlands-reformation of church movement→struggle for dutch independence

• Protestant ideas spread in netherlands-mainly calvinists

• Spanish authorities attempted to suppress calvinist worship+raised taxes→riots→calvinists in the Netherlands thought that spanish rule was ungodly and should be overthrown

• Netherlands-war between catholics and protestants7 northern provinces of the Netherlands led by holland-union of utrecht-declared independence from spain

• Hostilities ended when spain agreed to a truce that recognized the independence of the united provinces of the Netherlands

• Identify and explain the causes+effects of the 16th century religious wars

• Remember 15th century renaissance and how they led to religious wars
  • Centralization
    • French nobles→calvinists-don’t like concordat of bologna
    • Need to have military for wars
  • Intellectual changes
    • Humanism
      • Christian humanism-Change institutions
    • Individualism
    • Secularism
      • Use religion to get secular power
  • Printing press
    • propaganda
  • Trade goes up
    • Economic growth→competition+money for war
  • commercial/professional class(merchants)
    • Kings use nobles to attack merchants-nobles are angry?

• Remember 16th century reformation
  • Christianity fragmented
  • Catholic church STARTS to lose POLITICAL power(not faith)-still have some power in papal states
    • Still have control over social life
  • State starts to control religious institutions
    • 3 acts of parliament-england
      • Break from roman catholic church into church of england
    • Concordat of bologna-france
    • Holy roman empire-treaty of augsburg
    • reconquista-spain

• Renaissance+reformation are KEY CAUSES of 16th+17th century EFFECTS
  • Religious wars
  • 30 years war
  • Exploration
  • Continues centralization
  • Mercantilism
  • Price revolution
  • Scientific revolution
  • Village traditions challenged
  • Merchant to urban areas

• Connect these 21st century conflicts to the religious wars
  • Yemen-france
  • Tibet-netherlands
  • Syria-holy roman empire

• Religious wars 1540-1648
  • Religious differences-religious unity under the roman catholic church shattered
    • Power vacuum→kings/nobles/merchants want power
  • Corrupt rulers-princes and nobles sought power from centralizing powers
  • Decentralized state(holy roman empire+italy-italy doesn’t fight)s fight to gain power from each other
  • separatists(dutch/switzerland) wanted independent nations
  • bloody/expensive/deadly-loss population in holy roman empire
  • Anabaptists can’t be princes-they’re about separating religion and state

• Civil wars in the Holy roman empire

• Causes:
  • Hapsburg valois war
  • Civil war
  • Decentralized
  • Princes want catholic church land-they want investiture and tithe power→1 state 1 faith-no religious toleration
  • Peasant revolts

• Spark
  • Luther and reformation

• Solve it
  • Treaty of augsburg-princes get to choose lutheran or catholic+people have to convert or leave to prince’s chosen religion-no religious toleration
    • Some princes chose calvinism→30 years war
    • Lutheran princes get church land
    • Catholic princes will have france(concordat of bologna) and spain on their side-superpowers on their side
    • Charles V signs treaty of augsburgs and resigns-voluntarily gives up power
  • Charles V gives austrian hapsburg lands to brother ferdinand II-to deal with ottoman empire
  • Spain, Netherlands, and italian holdings to son philip II
  • Religious pluralism established for the short term-multiple religions-NOT religious freedom-no toleration in their own domain-ex.treaty of augsburg

• Remember definition/examples of religious pluralism
  • Princes choose faith and people- follow-religious regulation not toleration
  • Treaty of Augsburg 1555
  • Edict of nantes-1596
    • King decides what you can do religiously while hearing complaints
    • Henry 4 Doesn’t want protestants to start problems
    • Can’t convert people(proselytize) but can stay whatever religion they had
    • Hueunots can worship freely in their cities-privately
    • Huguneots can worship freely if they were huguenots before 1596-choose today what your religion is
      • Only way to get more huguenots is to birth them-no converting
    • Huguenots cannot teach in schools or be in the army(can’t be loyal to catholic monarch)

• identify/explain the effects of the 16th century religious wars
  • Religious pluralism in Holy roman Empire
  • German states divided until 1871
  • Church starts to lose political power
  • Charles V leaves after signing treaty of augsburg→New austria
  • GB has #1 navy and Spain’s navy declines
  • Independence for dutch→religious tolerance(not pluralism)
    • Officially dutch are calvinists but jews/muslims were ok to come
    • Dutch have good economy now because they’re refugees who are good at everything you need
    • People choose religion-tolerance

• Dutch war of independence against the spanish hapsburgs
  • reasons:
  • Bankers/trader/fishers-dutch
  • Spain-farmers
  • Philip 2 couldn’t speak dutch and chose catholicism for religion
  • Philip 2 taxed dutch merchants
  • Spark:
  • Philip 2 brought inquisition(inquisition only goes against protestants) for protestants in netherlands
  • Events:
  • GB comes to help-elizabeth
    • Help protestant brothers-she’s anti catholic/she wants to hurt #1 spain
    • She wants #1 navy
    • She wants to help bankers/fishers/traders
    • Protect wool trade-dutch manufacture wool and GB trades it-need each other
    • Dutch are brits #1 trade partner
    • Help professional/commercial classes

• War of 3 henrys in france

• Long term Causes:
  • Religion
  • Concordat of bologna-france king is catholic while there are huguenots in france
  • Saw dutch have success in religious wars

• Spark:
  • St. bartholomew day’s massacre
    • Henry 4 huguenot was going to marry a catholic-catholics tried to wipe out the groom's side-catholics killed huguenots
    • War of the 3 henry-2 ctaholic and 1 protestannt
    • Fighting for land/power by 3 henrys

• Effects:
  • Henry 4→edict of nantes→peace to france→Henry becomes catholic for peace

Mckay 466-468

30 years war:

• Holy roman empire-independent cities united by an elected emperor

• Peace of augsburgs(of catholics and protestants) agreement decreased with shifting faiths

• Lutheran princes→protestant union and catholics→catholic league

• Dynastic interests were involved-spanish habsburgs supported goals of the austrian relatives(unity of the empire and preservation of catholicism)

• 1st phase-bohemian phase-civil war between/catholic league and protestant union-catholics won

• 2nd-danish phase-leadership of protestant king Christian 4 of denmark-catholics own
  • Charles 1 of england intervened(unsuccessful) by entering alliances against france and spain
  • Emperor issued edict of restitution-all ctaholic properties lost to protestants were restored and only catholics/lutherans were allowed to practice faith

• 3rd-swedish phase-began with arrival in germany of swedish king gustavus adolphus+his army-lutheran-entered to support protestants
  • French chief minister-cardinal richelieu subsidized swedes hoping to weaken habsburg power in europe

• 4th-french phase-richelieu was concerned that the habsburgs might rebound after gustavus’s death-declared war on spain

• Peace of westphalia-ended 30 years war-religious war ended
  • treaties→independent authority of more than 300 german princes-emperor’s limited ability

• Augsburg agreements-added calvinism to catholicism and lutheranism as legally permissible

• North german sates-protestant while south german states-catholic

• After 30 years war trade in german cities were destroyed/bad for agricultural areas/small farmers lost land-nobles enlarged their estates and got more control

State building:

• france/spain/central europe/russia-absolutist government while england and dutch republic had to respect laws passed by representative institutions

• All states wanted protecting/expanding frontiers,raising new taxes,centralize,compete for new colonies in new and old worlds

• In many kingdoms people spoke a different language from that of the crown

• Absolutist and constitutional governments-Greater taxation/more armed forces/larger and efficient bureaucracies/compel obedience from subjects

• Centralized power→sovereignty

• British focused on naval forces→built the largest army in the world

• 30 years war-spark=defenestration of prague(people were thrown out the window in Bohemia)→bohemian phase/danish phase/swedish phase/international phase

• List the causes of the 30 years war 1618-1648(is this continuity or change)
  • Fight between nobles and kings
    • King of sweden/danes/france fight
  • Religious pluralism problem-treaty of augsburg problem
    • Treaty of augsburg is in trouble-german princes choose lutheran or catholic but bohemia has calvinism(religious pluralism)-holy roman emperor allows calvinism because it doesn’t hurt anyone→next ferdinand 2(king of austria) is to be emperor-bohemians get worried→meeting in prague where ferdinand 2 sent spies→fighting
  • Jesuits in holy roman empire want people to convert to catholicism-they succeed-all of bohemia are catholics
  • land(decentralized)
  • Trade
  • Dynastic power-french and swedes win at the end

• Argue whether the 30 years war was a religious war
  • Yes:
    • Catholic League of spain and austria fighting protestant union of bohemian nobles-because of treaty of augsburg problem-catholic league won
    • Protect protestant brothers
      • Danihs kings tries to help bohemia but they get beat
      • Sweden comes in to bohemia-gustavus adolphus
  • No-it was political:
    • Nobles want power(kings vs. nobles)
    • Danish king comes in
    • Gustavus adolphus
    • Cardinal richelieu-cardinal in ctaholic church and leads france-joins protestants
    • gustava+cardinal richelieu against habsburgs
      • Richelieu wants to be number 1 so he has to defeat spain(get trade/americas)
      • Richlieu Hates habsburgs and wants money after habsburg valois wars(land)
      • Richliue wants to keep germany divided
      • #1 french policy-keep germany divided

• List the effects of the 30 years war on europe after 1648(treaty of westphalia)-1648
  • Swedes win and get reparations
  • France gets alsace from spain(uses it to sell it to professional class→centralizes)
  • austria(beat bohemia)-all calvinist nobles dead=land to king→land to catholic nobles for loyalty(and the nobles get serfdom)
  • Prussia rises(Prussia has cities)-not dominant-bc/brandenburg and Prussia unite after this
  • Prussia and austria rise(get their start) after 30 years war
  • 40% of people die→
    • labor force problem-not many people to work the land→serfdom in THE EAST
  • Inflation goes up(northern cities)
  • netherlands/Switzerland get independence
  • Roman catholic church out of political affairs-holy roman empire dead and there’s no emperor
  • kings/princes get investiture power in europe
  • Treaty of augsburg stands but now you can also be calvinists
  • No more religious wars except against ottoman turks

• Effects of the 30 years war(1618-1648) and the treaty of westphalia-turning point reasons-1648 end of period 1
  • Religious wars over(lepants)-exploration later might bring religious wars
  • France gets alsace-nobles get land→nobles of robe
  • Swedes get reparations-leader gustavas
  • Treaty of augsburg(+calvinist)
  • switzerland+netherland=independent→france happy
  • HRE is dead
  • Pope out politically(papal states)-but pope has social power(marries people, has records, settles disputes)
  • Population down in german states
  • Serfdom in east
    • People can’t buy stuff→not good economy
    • serfdom=feudal slaves bound to land and the landowners had total control over the life of the people who lived on the land
  • free peasantry in west under mercantilism-western europe
    • People can buy stuff→better economy in west
  • wars=dynastic power+mercantilism
  • New nation empire but both are not very significant:
    • Austria rises→deal with nobles
    • Prussia rises

Mckay 432-433

Causes of european exploration:

• Revival of pop.+economy after plague

• Fall of constantinople+ottomans control of trade routes→hard to gain luxuries→Europe needed to find new sources of precious metal to trade with the ottomans or trade that bypassed the ottomans

• Europeans wanted spices bc/they added flavor/variety-spices also could be used as oils/used for religious rituals/perfumes/medicines/dyes

• intense/passionate religious feeling→exploration
  • Christain reconquista of iberian peninsula→portugese/spanish wanted to continue christian crusade

• Overseas exploration=transfer of crusading spirit to new non-christian territories

• profits/spread christianity/glory/wanted to chart new waters

• European discoveries is like a manifestation of renaissance because of wonder/fascination for new people/places

• Explorers like hernando cortes came for exports/wealth

• Lack of opportunity in europe
  • reconquista→young men of spanish upper classes had limited opportunities→ambition turned towards sea to seek fortunes

• Growth of government power(money to support exploration/

• Competition among european monarchs and protestants/catholics states

Exploration and effects:

• Crowded ships

• Widowed/poor women as their husbands were gone for a long time

• Men chose to work in ship crews to avoid poverty/continue family trade/better lives even as illegal immigrants in the colonies

• Royal ministers/factions at court influenced monarchs to provide/deny support for exploration

• Columbus took copy of the travels of sir john mandeville and the travel of marco polo on his voyage in 1492

• identify/explain the causes of the 15th-16th century exploration

• For long term success in european exploration needs capital, merchant class, and demand for products+centralized nation states
  • Determine which states will have success in Exploration long term, short term, and/or both and WHY
  • Short term success:
  • Spain-centralized with reconquista
    • Kings uses money for military
    • Free peasantry-demand for product→dream/invent/work while serfdom in east work on feudal lords(no social mobility only hope-they want security)
  • Portugal-centralized
  • Long term success:
  • Great britain-have both-tudors work with parliament to centralize+parliament has aristocracy and merchants which made them legislate for themselves
  • France-have both elements-concordat of bologna+edict of nantes=centralization
  • Netherlands-religious tolerance
  • No success:
  • Austria-centralized(30 years war)-serfdom(can’t buy-no freedom)+nobles(don’t want time saving labor inventions to make money off of serfs and suppress serfs)
    • Hard location to trade
  • prussia-centralized(30 years war)-serfdom+nobles
    • hard location to trade

• All of europe during 1492-1648 all nations in europe looked to centralize

• Motives for 16th/17th century exploration:
  • Material gain=spices/gold
  • Religion
  • Power and sovereignty
  • Adventure and renaissance curiosity
  • Political and economic freedom

• Causes of exploration:
  • The ottomans take constantinople-new routes
  • New technology(comes first)
    • caravel-light/fast/speedy/holds lot of stuff-comes from muslim scholars
      • Through crusades and muslim scolars it spread
      • Investors like it because it’s less risk
    • Astrolabe-islamic empires
    • Compass-china
    • Cartography-mapmaking-from muslim scholars
      • Europeans get it when they study classical texts
    • Gunpowder-china

• Remember the motives for exploration and the reasons for short term, long term, or no success in it
  • #1 goal is spices
  • Then money
  • Then land
  • Then religious zeal
  • Then power of new nation states(valois, hapsburg, tudors)
  • Then adventure
  • Need centralization+capital+demand+inventions for products for exploration

• Start to identify and explain the EFFECTS of exploration on Europe, America, Africa

• identify/explain how and which technology drove exploration
  • caravel-light/fast/maneuverable
    • Carries a lot of cargo and cannon
  • Cannon(chinese) on caravel→europeans dominate sea
    • Cannon spread through crusades
  • astrolabe(arabs)-latitude/longitude-know where i am and where i am going to and where i came from-chart enemy ships
  • compass(chinese)-know where i am and where i am going to and where i came from-chart enemy ships
  • Cartography(arabs)-accurate map making-new locations are shown on map

• identify/explain the EFFECTS of the columbian exchange on Europe, Americas, Africa

• identify /explain the EFFECTS of 16th/17th century exploration on Europe/Americas/Africa

• Start to explain the characteristics of a trading port empire and a land base empire (2 different things) and how each is managed differently from Europe

• Trading port empire
  • Ex. portugal/dutch
  • Trading port empire are on the coast of Eastern hemisphere with string of trading port cities-not in mainland/only outside(afraid of disease/afraid of powerful empires/can’t win land battles but can win sea battles/mainland place already have tech./they have too much population)
  • Free trade
  • Europeans looking for spices,silk,porcelain,cotton textiles/cotton from india,sugar
  • Leads to looking to control trade routes→competition

• Land based empire
  • columbus’s established empire
  • Columbus thinks natives are unadvanced/simple/easy to defeat/childlike/uncivilized(don’t wear clothes/fearful)/easy to convert(pagan) before he even sees them–behaviour models what he and europeans think

• Management of a colonial empire
  • Everyone makes sugar on caribbean islands

• France/dutch/england got jobs for their people→good economy-long term success
  • Spain got silver/gold/sugar(everyone picks up sugar)/root crops/tropical fruits and vegetables from the colonies
    • Get money quick and easy first
    • spain-tech./no religious wars
  • portugal-gold/sugarcane/lumber/spices/slaves
    • Portugal has land based and trading empire
    • Portugal gets brazil→coffee
  • France-finished wars of 3 henry-late
    • Get canada and haiti
    • Get fur/sugar/tobacco
    • Money from fur trade-beaver(gives big profit) gets killed a lot
    • Beaver fur→hats
    • Got more jobs for their people(to make hats)
  • England
    • Had to deal with parliament-late
    • Got tobacco/lumber/sugar
    • Got barbados/virgin islands/north america
    • Got more jobs for their people-most jobs-england→industry and jobs
  • Couldn’t get east-better tech./disease/stronger empire-had trading port empire
  • Got west-land based empire-easy to conquer
    • Eurpe got cannon/muskets(iron and steel)/tech. Made out of better materials
      • Weapons in americas are soft-copper-the natives don’t need weapons
    • unified/centralized european states while natives are decentralized/sacrifices
    • Europe allied with natives then killed the allies
    • Europe’s disease took down natives-#1 killer-unpremeditated biological warfare→natives think europeans’ god is strong and that native gods aren’t strong→convert to catholicism
  • Spain /france/portugal
    • sent aristocracy(delegates) to govern colonies-king controls-king gets profit-short term success
    • aristocracy/nobles invest in land ONLY-uses serfdom and slavery
    • Sent viceroys/nobles-they were supposed to copy kings but later they do their own things
  • England/dutch:
    • Exploration through joint stock companies-shareholders and king reap benefits-long term
  • Europeans stumble into right stuff→spread christianity
  • Impact on women in exploration:
    • Acted as translators-native women when married european conquistadores-marriage politics
    • Women don’t want to go to new world-want to marry europeans in europe
    • Spanish church-said if you convert natives you can marry-for more population→race based social hierarchy(not in europe)
      • Worst race is full native/then full african
      • 42 race characters
      • Spanish church wanted men to get married so that women could tame men

• Effects of exploration
  • Loss of pop of natives
  • Competition between Europeans
  • Rise of slave trade
  • Spread of disease
  • Mercantilism

• European Exploration assignment
  • The Columbian Exchange was the migration/exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old World and the New World. Sugar, rice, bananas, wheat, grapes, olives, horses, sheep, cattle, dogs, pigs, chickens, and goats came from the Old World to the New World.
  • The effects of the Columbian Exchange was the introduction of domesticated animals to the new world. Particularly, the horse allowed faster/farther travel by the natives. Europeans got food crops that were central to diet; this enabled population growth in Europe. Disease spread widely to the New World, especially to the natives who were not immune to them and they died at a much higher rate. A global economy emerged, creating new links between various people, cultures, and societies. Columbus brought the first sugar plants with him to the New World; sugar later created a cruel race based slavery of Africans.
  • Sugar went from being a luxury to a high demand. Sugar plantations in the Atlantic required extensive labor to maintain sugar(seed stems needed to be planted by hand and sugar had a constant growing season) so first native islanders then enslaved Africans were forced to do the work.
  • Causes and effects of trans atlantic slave trade
    • Causes:
      • labor demand in the sugar plantations of Brazil and the Caribbean
      • The Royal African Company’s monopoly(England) on the slave trade broke resulting in more slaves for a lesser price
    • Effects:
      • High death rates of slaves in the sugar plantations of the atlantic
      • new shipments kept arriving for replacement as the slave owners found it easier to replace slaves than to keep them alive
      • Slavery became race based

• Columbian exchange
  • Root crops from the americas to europe-good for soil
  • sugar/tobacco-bad for soil-invasive species
  • sugar/tobacco/coffee-stimulants to europe-more energy in europe

• Trans-atlantic slave trade
  • young(16-30)/strong/men from africa to work on plantations→polygomy in Africa
    • 16-30 is prime reproducing age→3 generations of africans are lost bc/ of slave trade
  • Rival tribes of the Ashanti are used for slave trade-ashanti are ok with the young/strong men of rival tribes being gone
  • Short life time(1.5 years) in americas
  • Slave owners are SCARED→more cruel
  • Dutch DON’T move slaves but their fish paste is given to slaves-they make money off of slaves
  • Slavery is race based not prisoners of war/poeple in debt/criminals
  • In america the soil/environment is becoming bad bc/ of sugar/tobacco plantations
  • High death rate in africa

• Treaty of tordesillas-pope mediates it
  • split world in half portugal east spain west
  • france/england/dutch don’t listen to this treaty

• Explain how the price revolution is an effect of the 16th century exploration
  • Causes of price rev.
  • Caused by pop. growth(bc/exploration/food/money/secure economically/less black death/kings bring peace/balance of power/shipping tech.)
  • More circulation of silver/gold-inflation–>prices went up

• identify/explain the EFFECTS of the price revolution, which classes are hurt and helped, and which nations will benefit and/or suffer
  • New economic institutions
    • banks(of amsterdam(#1 bank) and of london)
    • Joint stock companies
      • dutch/england/french
    • Double entry book keeping-cuts down on corruption-invest money safely in bank
  • Serfs have it worse than peasants
  • Merchants rise-benefit off of institutions-most money/land-but no status
  • Nobles-have status but less money-come out ok
  • Peasants-have a hard time

Mckay 496-497

Dutch republic in 1600s

• 7 northern provinces of the Netherlands fought/won independence from spain-recognized in treaty of westphalia→golden age of netherlands→united provinces had its own models of constitutional state

• Dutch established a republic(state in which power rested in the hands of people through elected representatives)

• Of dutch an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen (regents) handled domestic affairs in each province’s estate(assemblies)

• Provincial estates held all power

• Holland-largest navy-most wealth-dominated dutch republic and states general

• In each province, the estates appointed an executive officer(stadtholder)-they carried out ceremonial functions/military defense

• House of orange usually held stadtholder positions for several provinces→tension between supporters of house of orange and of supporters of republican estates

• William 3 + mary took english throne→republic continued wo/stadholders for several decades

• Political success of dutch bc/ of commercial prosperity
  • Commercial prosperity because the dutch republic of religious toleration-lot of foreign capital and investment

• Dutch dominated shipping business(from profits of herring fishing)-they invested in shipbuilding→lowest shipping rates and largest merchant marine in europe(they could undersell foreign competitors)

• trade+commerce→highest standard of living/good food for people(no food riots like in rest of europe) for the dutch

• Trace the 17th century rise of the netherlands and predict why their power wanes-slowly weakens(not fall)
  • free notes
  • Civil disunity-7 different opinions
  • Religious tolerance
    • Religious refugees-not poor-bring new tech./innovations, capital
    • arabs/catholics/protestants/jews
  • dutch-calvinist-thrift/hard work/education/simple living(modesty/restraint)→high standards of living in europe in the 17th century
  • Foreign competition/attack in dutch republic

_______

• 15th century power-ottomans(italy not centralized so it can’t be a power)

• 16th century power-spain

• 17th century power-dutch

• Beaver hats=indicates new merchant elite class-equality in the new elite class

• identify/explain how population growth, and the price rev. Led to the rise of the dutch and fall of spain and portugal

• identify/explain how the price rev. Led to innovations(double entry book keeping-cuts down corruption) and financial institutions(banks/joint stock companies), trade, accumulation of capital, a new elitice lass, and urban financial centers

Mckay 504-509

• Until the 1550s Europeans used ancient greek philosophers+christian theology for science now bc/ of university/tech. There was scientific revolution
  • Scientific rev.=devout christians who saw their work as hinting the glory of creation + those who combined older traditions with experimentation

Scientific thought in 1550

• Before scientific rev. there was natural philosophy(before 1800s there was no term of science)
  • Natural philosophy-study of the nature of the universe/purpose/how it functioned-based of greek philosophers and christian doctrine(humans at center)
    • In 10th sphere of earth there was supposed to be heaven and the angels kept the spheres moving in perfect circles
    • Aristotle’s cosmology made intellectual sense but did not account for observation(like the apparent backward motion of the planets)
    • Ptolemaic astronomy-pretty accurate model for predicting planetary motion
    • Aristotle’s views revised by medieval philosophers→thinking on physics and motion on earth
      • aristotle/followers said that a uniform force moved an object at a constant rate until the force was removed
  • Natural philosophy was distinct/superior to mathematics/math disciplines
  • Scientific approach to natural world through christian lense was a branch of theology→reinforced religious though

Origins of scientific rev.

• Scientific rev. ssed long term dev. in european culture+borrowings from arab scholars
  • Medieval university
    • Islamic learning to ancient greek learning
    • Stage set for union of mathematics w/ natural philosophy_.hallmark of scientific rev.
  • Medieval philosophers-got limited but real independence from theologians→sense of free inquiry
  • renaissance→scientific progress
    • Patrons funded scientific research
  • New tech.
    • Printing press→circulate knowledge/interest
  • Navigational problems of long sea voyages-+rise of trade/colonization→new tech.
    • navigation/cartography
  • Interest in astrology
    • People thought changing relationships between/planet and stars influenced events on earth
  • magic/alchemy were important to natural philosophers-
    • Believed only a divine creator/god could infuse the universe with meaningful mystery/magic

Copernican hypothesis

• Desire to explain/glorify god’s handing work→first great departure from medieval system

• Copernicus thought believed in an ancient greek idea-sun not earth was at the center of the universe-he published on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres the year of his death to be certain of his claims

• Copernican hypothesis=star’s movement was due to earth’s rotation/large universe/used math not philosophy/earth was just another planet→scientific/religious implications

• Catholic church declared copernicus hypothesis false-1616-contradicted bible

• New star+comet→doubts of traditional astronomy

Proving copernicus right

• Tycho brahe agreed w/copernicus
  • Rudolphine tables
  • complete/accurate data→couldn’t make sense of data(didn’t know math and died soon)
  • Brahe believed part copernican-all planets except the earth revolved around the sun+entire group of sun/planets revolved around earth-moon system
  • His Assistant=johannes kepler-mathematician

• Kepler
  • Developed 3 new laws of planetary motion
    • Orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical
    • Planets do not move in uniform speed during orbit
    • The time a planet takes to make its complete orbit is related to its distance from the sun
  • He proved mathematically the precise relations of a sun centered solar system→theoretical cosmology+mathematics
  • Completed rudolphine tables
  • Many talents

• Galileo
  • Experimental method-conduct controlled experiments to find what happens
  • Law of inertia
  • He proved aristotelian physics wrong
  • Applied experimental method of astronomy
  • Believe din copernican theory
  • Devout catholic-but papal inquisition placed galileo on trial for heresy for his works

• Scientific rev._.one does not need to rely on established authority-can learn/investigate-field of inquiry

• Catholic reformation→holy office said copernicus+supporters work(kepler)=banned/heretic

• Explain the great chain of being(can be POV), how it helps kings centralize, and why it continues from the 9th century until the 18th century
  • Price revolution and scientific revolution-liked and hated by the same people-western europe-new urban cities
  • Great chain of being
    • Hierarchy based on spirit(spirit higher than matter)
    • People who believed in great chain being lived by faith(not science)
    • People connected to god
    • god/angels/pope/people/animals/plants-hierarchy-senses+bible+greeks justified it
      • animals/earth at their disposal in the new world+natives had less spirit→justification to conquer
    • Earth and humans are at the center of the universe
    • Challenging geocentric universe=questioning core of what humanity is

• identify/explain the causes of the 16th century scientific revolution
  • Renaissance
    • Classics
    • Questioning-thinking
  • Navigation+exploration
    • compass/astrolabe-shows earth is curved/telescope
    • Exploration-new people cause questioning
  • Printing press-caused everything
  • New urban elite
  • Universities
    • Had arab/muslim science+greek/roman classics
    • They tried to prove classics right-had to run experiment-however they proved that arab/muslims right
    • Prussia/england/france had first scientific academies
    • Agrasium college of cambridge-1st science university
  • centralization-princes/kings pay for scientific revolution

• identify/explain how the scientific revolution challenged traditional beliefs(great chain of being, roman Catholicism) and classical knowledge(ptolemy,galen, aristotle,4 humors, 4spheres,geocentric universe)(what groups will embrace it, and which groups will cling to traditional ways?)
  • Questioning classical texts
  • Copernicus challenged/kings/roman catholic church/aristocracy-questions their power through heliocentricity
  • england/denmark/sweden/dutch/switzerland/northern german states kings like science-they’re all protestants-people that led price revolution
  • Spain/portugal/italy/france didn’t like science
  • clergy/nobles NOT going to science-challenges their authority
  • Kings-uses science to his advantage
  • Peasants don’t want science-church/going to heaven is the center of their life-peasants don’t want to challenge because they don’t want to think
  • Kepler
    • Orbits are elliptical not circle-not perfect-not godly
  • Plotolemy’s geometric universe-senses/bible/greeks justified it
    • During athenian hygenomy
    • Heaven-god and the angels live here
    • 4 elements-earth/wind/fire/water-goes with great chain of being
    • Galen’s 4 bodily humors-yellow bile/black bile/phlegm(causes calmness)/blood(causes excitement)

• identify/explain contributions of copernicus/kepler/galileo/bacon/descartes/newton/versailles(tendons and bones NOT earth/wind/fire/water)/harvey(blood circulation) to the 16th century sci. Rev

• identify/explain the effects of the scientific rev.(1640)-not turning point bc/not everyone was on boardsci rev only for merchants/urban nobility
  • Proof!! Not faith-used MATH
    • Copernicus-heliocentricity-through tech. and math
    • He says people who accuse him know nothing of science
    • copernicus-polish(powerful nobility in poland who want to socket to king/roman catholic church)
    • Protestant kings want science bc/it gives opposition to catholic church+make weapons
    • france(even though catholic-has cardinal richelieu)/danes/england/and ___
    • Copernicus’s view of universe-still some wrong parts to it
      • Sun centered
      • Humans are not the center of it
      • Still circular orbits-wrong
      • Proportion of planets-wrong
      • Science of zodiac-greeks and romans-wrong
      • Bellarmine says if you go with copernicus you go against scripture-luther/calvin agrees but lutheran/calvin kings love science
    • Kepler-elliptical orbit/planets don’t move at uniform speed/distance from sun-through math
    • Kepler-german-kepler gets away with it bc/northern germans are lutherans
    • Cambridge and lesarbon-universities of science in england and france and northern germany(200 german princes competition)
    • Galileo-italian-was in house arrest-italy is catholic so they don’t want him challenging church
    • Banned book list-kepler/galileo/copernicus/bacon/newton/harvey/versailles/descartes/calvin/luther
    • Pope can’t enforce banned book list in anywhere but italy-galileo is in trouble
    • antwerp/amsterdam/london printing area for science
    • Francis bacon-comes up with inductive scientific method(evidence builds up to hypothesis-opposite to greeks(No superstition)
    • Rene descartes-deductive reasoning-doubt everything-(starts with big picture and goes down)
  • New method of learning-Newton’s Scientific method=descartes’s deductive +bacon’s inductive reasoning
    • Newton-laws of physics
  • Universal laws guide the universe-natural/fixed laws(laws of gravity/motion/inertia) govern universe-newton used inductive/deductive reasoning
    • Village people can’t see natural laws so they don’t go to scientific review.
  • Challenge to traditional authority
  • proof/math/instruments=evidence
    • Villagers would rather want miracle
  • Class gap widens-rich new urban cities
  • All can study(individual)
  • Causes enlightenment

• identify/explain how the scientific revolution CHALLENGED traditional beliefs(great chain of being and roman institutional catholic church-NOT god-doing science to prove god) and classical knowledge(aristotle/ptolemy/galen)–(what groups will embrace it and which groups will cling to traditional ways)

• 9th-18th century village life-matches sense-80% of Europe goes with the old way while 20% goes with new way/scientific rev.

• People who challenges traditional life→die

• Family unite is thc core institution

• Marriage is a complementary institutions of separate spheres
  • Private
  • Public

• Communal focus-village needs each other

• Church is key “hub” and core of village life(institution)
  • Social life
  • Calms disputes
  • Holds records
  • Life+death

• Agricultural focus→SEASONS movie time

• Religious calendar and saint days move time
  • Holidays
  • Festivals
  • Carnival
  • Charivari-marriage ritual-when the person is most vulnerable(shouting outside their house)

• Guilds(association of medieval merchants) produced limited goods

• Social norms and conformity enforced by rituals and public humiliation
  • Stocks
  • Charivari
  • Branding

• Blood sports serve as entertainment
  • Whipping

• Great chain of being explained life

• Patriarchy ruled

• Determine why 80% of Europe does not adopt science and sticks with superstition-because peasants are used to 9th-18th century village life
  • 1648-1688 when they accept science>20% accept science(comercial folk/nobles/kings/princes)
    • nobles/kings are happy to keep peasants in their domain so that the peasants won’t challenge traditional authority

• identify/explain the causes of the 16th century witchcraft craze(refuse science) and why it ended
  • 1682=last one
  • 1688=newton publishes
  • Causes:
    • Reformation fervor/zeal-catholics and protestants were involved
    • money/commercial interest
    • #1 reason-Control social outcasts/non-conformists(people who don’t fit social norms:women/old people)
    • Explain the unexplainable(why kids die-can’t blame god-want to blame somebody)
    • Need scapegoat(ex.miscarriage)
    • Patriarchy

• Remember that ideas move quickly, while traditions change slowly
  • Price rev.
  • Reformation
  • Centralization
  • Scientific rev.

• identify/explain the purposes(not political reasons) for village rituals and festivals from the 9th century to 1815
  • Safe rebellion-doesn’t come out of revenge-not mean spirited
  • Let off steam together(communal focus)
  • Conform to social norms
  • Teach our children village life-know your place(great chain of being)
  • Religion can have power-local priest leads these rituals/festivals(social power for church)
  • Social justice(not police)

• judges/attorneys in britain wear black robe and white wigs

• White robe no wigs in england-church of england officials

• House of Commons(white landowning men) and house of lords–in england

• define/recognize the traits of constitutionalism and absolutism of the 17th and 18th century
  • Only constitutionalists run joint stock companies
  • Bossuet provides a biblical basis for absolutism-that’s what god wants
  • Louis XIV of france/James I of England/Charles I of England-absolutists

• Trace the beginnings of absolutism in 16th century francestarts in 15th century with

Valois

• valois:

• in concordat of bologna state gets control over investiture and tithe

• subjugates nobles of robe

• gives all nobes tax free status-nobles have no say in where the money goes

• Only nobles can be generals

• Debtbig problem

• Lost habsburg/valois war

• Henry 1V
  • Estates general(nobles of the blood can meet in the estates general as if it were parliament)–>nobles can vent anger and it calms them down
  • Lower taxes
  • Concordat of bologna
    • Becomes catholic himself and gives edict of nantes(under law people have religious tolerance but it’s only done in 150 cities which makes it a little absolutist)
    • nobles=tax free
      • Intendants collect taxes and run government-make them nobles of the robe(tax free)-intendants can also be spies-absolute power
      • Annual fee for nobles to pay to pass down high offices=PAULETTE(fee)
        • Kids might not get offices-absolutism-king doesn’t like clever nobles(kids of the nobles)
  • Peace
  • Infrastructureabsolute power-kings gets to do what he wants on other people’s land-infrastructure keeps merchants happy and merchants pay taxes
    • Roads
    • bridges
    • Canals

• Cardinal Richlieu(Louis X111)
  • Concordat of bologna
  • Inherits Edict of nantes and does the following: shows absolutism with these things-ignores laws
    • Ignores it
    • persecutes huguenots
    • razes(chop down) nobles of blood castles to the ground
    • Destroys minorities(huguenots and nobles of blood)
  • nobles =tax free
  • Paulette continues
  • 30 years war(gets alsace to solve debt problem-sells to nobles of the robe)
    • Goes to 30 years war for power-king gets absolute power
  • Infrastructure continues
  • Intendants continues
    • Intendants become “tax farmers”intendants gradually charge people under nobles more until they get mad-when the people get mad the intendants hide, making the people's anger go to the nobles
  • NEVER calls estate general(louis X1V doesn’t call it either)→nobles of blood packing down anger for a long time→french revolution

• Decipher which policies extend to Louis XIV’s reign
  • Revoked the edict of nantes
  • The fronde(civil wars)-1648-1653
    • Started by nobles of the robe(for sovereignty) and peasants(bc/ of taxes) and intendants(unhappy about little promotion)-easy chance
    • Effects of the war
      • Louis X1V would rule with absolutism
      • Louis X1V would have to compromise nobles
      • French economy almost collapsed

• Demonstrate how Louis X1V changed, or continues the absolutist policies of Henry 1V and cardinal richelieu, and identify/explain his new policies
  • changed
  • Revoked the Edict of nantes because england(anglicans) and the holy roman empire(some calvinists in it) can try to help protestant/calvinist brothers
    • Calvinists are traders/merchants/manufacturers/bankers/noblestrade with dutch and england
    • He wanted to get their land
    • He gives 15 days for calvinists to go
    • Reconquista and revoke of edict of nantes both kicked out merchants/traders-final exam ?
    • The huguenots wants war so need to revoke
    • huguenots=french protestants(mostly calvinists)
    • Demolish their property→kings gets church land and sells it to noble sof robe
    • Can’t practice religion-no freedom of religion(Louis XIV was devout Catholic)
    • Nobles can’t be calvinists
    • Convert or row boats across atlantic
    • Huguenots can’t take anything with them unless they can carry→sell it for cheap
  • continued
  • Intendants
  • Nobles tax free
  • Concordat of Bolognagets emphasized bc/ he revoked edict of nantes
  • More infrastructure
  • Paulette
  • Tax farmers
  • Never called estates general(1615-1789)
  • Used war
  • Believed in divine rights
  • New policies
  • Versailles
    • Subordinates nobles
      • nobles live in Versailles for ½ the year(away from their estate)-watching them for half a year-intendant is running nobles’ estates while their away
      • During the day at Versailles, nobles do levee and revelee-doing many ceremonies(nobles act like servants)
      • Nobles like doing servant work for king because they get benefits from the king
      • Nobles gets king to listen to them
      • Nobles need to buy new clothes and supplies, fancy carriages-noblewomen had to pay for new clothes-bankrupting nobles
      • Versailles helps mercantilism(nobles buy a lot to live in Versailles 1/2 of a year)
  • Mercantilism
  • Baroque patronage
  • French academy
  • wars

• identify/explain and cite french examples of the laws of mercantilism
  • Colbert
    • better economy→people/foreigners will treat king like god
    • money=only aim of trade+increases power of state
    • France should run its own trade routes for raw materials
    • manufacturing→job opportunity to create a living
    • tariffs
    • Subsidies

• Remember how the Fronde impact Louis X1Vhe was little at the time but he didn’t want that to happen ever again→unite french people with king

• Laws of mercantilism
  • Wealth is finite(get it all) to be wealthy/powerful
  • Trade surplus-export more and import less
  • Manufacture goods to keep all the money themselves
    • Fur hats
    • Lace
    • Wine
    • Rum
    • ships
  • Raw materials
    • Haiti in west indies
    • Canada
    • Slaves-free labor
  • Tariffs on importsconsumers get hit bc/both sides can raise prices-french merchants like tariffs
  • Subsidies-government pays people/industries to start manufacturing-prepaid capital to start up business

Mckay 469-474

• In the Middle Ages monarchs claimed that they ruled by the grace of god and were only responsible to God

• Louis 14’s success as an absolute monarch lay in his collaboration with nobles
  • He also believed in kings being divinely appointed but also needing to follow god’s rules
  • Religious unity-revoked edict of nantes→skillful people left
  • Got nobles to cooperate with revolutionary court life and patronage?
  • Louis moved his court or palace at Versailles and nobles had to come there yearly(in the hope of favors from him)
  • art/literature in louis 14’s rule was french classicism
  • Precieuses-elite women witty/cultural discussion of fine arts and worldly events
  • versailles-hub→french language spread

Mckay 474-475

• Jean baptiste colbert-controller general of louis X1V-applied mercantilist properties to france

• Mercantilism-gov policies for the regulation of economic activities by and for the state

• Colbert founded company of the east indies with hopes to compete with the dutch for asian trade-didn’t happen

• Chalres 2 dies→fight over spanish rule→war of spanish succession

• Grand alliance(english/dutch/austrians/prussians) against louis X1V→peace of utrechtended war+louis’ grandson can be king of spain on the understanding that the french and psinichs crowns would never be united+ended french expansion in europe+marked the rise of the british empire

• France surrendered some land to england after

• Great alliance is an example of balance of power

• identify/explain the key points of baroque art, how it reflects 17th/18th century, and how patronage has changed and continued
  • monarchs/dutch middle class/church is using baroque art
  • Church is using baroque art to hang on to power
  • Baroque art
    • Light on monarch=divine right for the monarch
    • High action in baroque art
    • In mid-action
    • Halo over head=jesus
    • Old guy with jesus=peter
    • tall=dominant
    • Dutch middle class don’t showcase wealth-calvinists-humble/restrained

• Tudors-king is leader of church of england

• House of commons-dissolutions of monasteries

• Elizabeth =no hair–>stuarts

• Stuarts-james I

• green=concrete piece of evidence

• Parliaments pieces so many legislation to build their power by passing acts-that’s all they can do

• British common law-starts with magna carta

• Trace the progression of British constitutionalism
  • 1215-magna carta
  • 15th+16th centuries Tudors
    • Church of England
    • House of commons
    • Elizabeth settlement-tries to settle conflict between protestants and catholics
  • 17th century stuartsJames I and Charles I
    • Petition of right
    • Triennial act
  • 1642-1649 english civil war
    • Oliver cromwell
    • Navigation acts(british mercantilism regulations)
    • »>

• James I (1603-1625)
  • Strong belief in divine right and church of england
  • Marries his son(Charles I) to louis XIII’s daughter
  • Conflict with puritans
  • Conflict with catholics(gunpowder plot-guy fawkes day)
  • Conflict with the house of commons

• Charles I (1625-1649)
  • Cousin in law=Louis XIV
  • Conflict with spain-needs parliament
  • Strong belief in divine right and marries Louis XIII’s daughter
  • He signed petition of right to get money from parliament-petition of rights:
    • No arbitrary taxation
    • No arbitrary imprisonment
    • No marshall law(marshall law-army is police force)
    • Cannot dismiss parliament
  • Got money from Parliament and got rich while spain is in 30 years’ war
  • Dismissed parliament
  • Ruled without parliament by levying a tax”ship money”taxes everyone who doesn’t live on the coast
  • Violated magna carta once and violated petition of rights 4 times
  • Scottish revolt-needs money to put down parliament
  • Forced to call parliament(ship money is not enough) and the triennial act was passed
    • Triennial act
      • King must call parliament every 3 years mandatory
  • Signs the triennial act, gets money, and disbands long parliament but long parliament refused to be disbanded

• English civil war 1642-1649
  • King who did treason(betrayal)+parliament that won’t be disbanded→english civil war
  • Long parliament refuses to allow king to have an army
  • Charles I is charged with treason-beheaded charles I
  • King James and church of england and house of lords(cavaliers) vs parliament and puritans(roundheads)
  • House of commons-puritans-knights/people
  • House of lordschurch of england and nobles
  • Roundheads win→puritans win→church of england is purified
  • Oliver cromwell-top member in the house of commons and great military leader→new king

• Commonwealth under oliver cromwell(1649-1658)
  • Military dictatorship
  • Thomas hobbes wrote during this time-people should give up rights to oliver cromwell
  • Constitution granted all executive power to lord protector(cromwell)england is still absolutist at this point
  • War with ireland, netherlands, spain
  • Navigation acts(through joint stock companies) and mercantilism
    • Send raw materials to british
    • Buy everything from the british even though it’s more expensive that french/spanish
    • Everything must be moved by british ships
    • For britain it’s just mercantilism but for americans its tyranny
  • Puritan lifestyle
    • Mandatory church
    • No gambling
    • People don’t like this lifestyle
  • oLiver cromwell die naturally-house of commons calls charles II to be king-restored monarchy
  • Charles II lived in Versailles and was catholic-he married a catholic
  • His father was beheaded so he’s careful

• Restoration under Charles II(1660-1685)
  • Parliament nervous about him-passes laws
  • Cabinet system-Cabal-prime minister and cabinet-council of 5 advisors-so charles II doesn't think he has divine right
  • Test act of 1678catholics cannot be member of parliament/catholics can’t vote/catholics can’t hold public offices/ can’t go to university in england
  • Never addressed 2 problems
    • How to deal with dissenters
    • What is the role of parliament
  • Treaty of dover from dutch wars-not religious war–wars are fought for mercantilism and to gain colonies(NY and South Africa gained by british)
  • Charles II natural death-no illegitimate heir

• James II (1685-1688)
  • Disregarded test act-thinks he’s above the law
  • James II was a catholic
  • Granted freedom of religion to all-people think he’s a terrorist-freedom of religion to irish
  • Had a legitimate son with his catholic french wife
  • English are mature/sophisticated→no war and no beheading

• Glorious revolution(1688)
  • No death/civil war only intimidation→glorious
  • Constitutional monarchy
    • King and Queen of state and Church of england-only social power
    • Parliament is supreme governing body
    • Sovereignty rests with electorate(land owning men)
  • William and Mary receive crown
  • Bill of rights freedom of speech/speedy trial/no cruel and unusual punishment/ but no freedom of religion in england-response to stuart absolutist and catholic tendencies
  • John locke defends natural right and right to rebel against tyranny
  • Test act continues
  • Cabinet system(cabal) continues to develop and dominate

• know locke's/hobbes/houses for test

• Hobbes
  • People cause chaos/evil-like catholic church and cathholic monarchs
  • Give up natural rights to one monarch to get peace/prosperity/property
  • rights-life/liberty/property-like jefferson
  • Government #1 job-peace and prosperity

• Locke
  • Can’t give up natural rights
  • Governments #1 job is to protects rights
  • If it doesn't protect rights you can rebel

• ottoman empire notes+hw(dutch/spanish mckay notes on test)

• Netherland notes-video
  • Stadtholder–placeholder-republican institution(not passed down)
  • Dutch republic-confederation-each state had its own stadholder

• Identify and explain why nation-states fought 2nd half of the 17th century wars
  • Comes after 30 years war
  • Want Land expansion-france/spanish/prussia/austria/russia/poland/everyone in east
  • Don’t want land expansion-british and dutch
  • Mercantilism and colonies-france/spain/dutch/british/-east don’t want this(serfdom)
  • Balance of power
  • Glory
  • Dynastic power(trigger of war of spanish succession-when charles II of spain dies Louis XIV tries to give the crown to his grandson)
  • Wars of devolution(1667)
    • France-11 towns-win
    • Spain-loses 11 towns in Belgium
  • Dutch wars(~1672)
    • Treaty of dover
    • france=franche-comté-win
    • Great britain=NY and south Africa
    • Netherlands-must lower tariffs
  • Lorraine+strassburg
    • france=win(1681)
  • war of spanish succession(1701)-last of Louis XIV’s wars-ended in a draw-spain/austria/prussia/england/france allied against france
    • Treaty of utrecht(1701)
      • Bourbon monarch can rule in spain but french/spanish kings must renounce claim to the other thrones→no unified bourbon monarchy
      • France restricted to pre-war borders
      • British get gibraltar →naval supremacy(access to meditarranean sea)
    • Other nations don’t want Louis XIV to win again after 3 won wars-balance of power
    • Other nations didn’t want Louis XIV’s grandson to rule spain(as desired in the will of Charles II) bc/they feared that after Louis XIV dies that france and spain would combine like england and scotland
    • asiento

• Reasons why french were so successful-france-#1 army in 17th/18th century
  • Meritocracy-promotion not based on family
    • Regular people will NEVER be generalonly nobles can be generals(from valois nobles they got to be generals and tax-free status)
  • Professional army-paid→won’t steal from people they beat
  • Training-nobody had training in 30 years war
  • Standardized uniforms(blue) and weapons→french won’t kill themselves+french have muskets(knives in 30 years war)
  • Commissaries-they feed you while france is in famine-good option to go to military
  • Ambulances-soldiers won’t die of disease

• Identify the effects on france
  • DEBT
  • Economy shattered in 1715
  • famine(1/10 of french people died in france in 40 years)
  • Taxes go up
  • Dragooning-getting poor people in army-not good soldiers

• Background in east:
  • Western Europe had 3 gov. systems-absolutist/constitutionalist/oligarchy
  • In east there’s only absolutist monarchy
  • In 15th century ottomans and poland were powerful
  • After 30 years war ottoman/polands get weakened so austria/Prussia rise
  • Most people in europe see ottomans as asian
  • austria/russia are afraid of devshirme and janissary corps-they’re #1 enemies of ottomans

• free otttoman notes

• Argue that the ottomans were(with connections to other nations)–Sultans of the Ottoman empire-Suleiman
  • Absolutist(MAINLY absolutist)
    • Sultan NOT under law(law code/fair justice system)
    • Janissary corps loyal to Sultan(professional army)-(FR)
    • expansion(land)
    • No assemblies
    • Devshirme–going after balkan christian kids–open to corruption
      • Causes Europeans to think they’re evil-ottomans kidnap kids
    • Ottoman nation identity
  • Fall
    • Internal rebellion
    • Lavish spending(SP)(FR)
    • No modernization(SP)
    • Lost wars(SP)
  • Constitutionalist
    • Law code and fair justice system(1688-GB)
    • Meritocracy
    • Millet system-but can only make religious decisions
    • Religious tolerance(dutch)
    • Expect people to seek financial gain(dutch)
  • who/what institutions limited ottomans’ power
    • Problems in millet system
    • Multi-ethnic
    • Turks-ethnically
    • religion-muslim

• Determine the most significant impact of the ottomans on Europe
  • Trade shift to the Atlantic-janissaries could not be beat
  • The ottomans were “the other”
    • Orient vs. occident
  • Austria+russia’s #1 enemy

• Historiography
  • Connect to stimulus
  • To support an argument, you must paraphrase
  • Evidence+warrant
  • Effects of Shift require info. before and after shift
  • Evidence to support assertion-write assertion first

• Kings of Poland-kings unable to consolidate authority
  • Nobles could veto and law-”free veto”
  • Nobles gain power
  • Serfdom entrenched
  • russia/prussia/austria attack and win
  • No exploration or merchants-kings can’t make deal with merchants
  • Serfdom-agriculturally based
  • warsaw-Jewish cultural city
  • Not absolutist-nobles have a lot of power
  • Religious tolerance-lot of jews
  • Nobles elect the king-electing the worst king so that he’s not a threat
  • Decentralized-poland

• Compare and contrast Eastern and Western Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries
  • In east, kings deal with nobles(land swap)-feudal-going backwards
    • kings in west make deal with merchants
    • Pop. goes down→Entrenched in serfdom(kings let nobles keep serfs if nobles declare king is supreme power/has divine right)
      • Nobles controlled serf movement/sold commercial crops/dominated village life
      • Nobles agriculturally based-commercial ag.-cash crops(give bad food to serfs while nobles sell cash crops to western business guys)
    • Small merchant class
      • Nobles sold commercial crops directly to westerner nations-agricultural
        • Westerners used material to make manufactured goods to sell back to nobles→nobles act like a colony
      • Kings collect no taxes so dutch/brits/french are there
    • Strong nobility-(nobles act like a colony by sending raw goods)
      • Controlled justice/law/labour on their land
    • Monarchs ruled through absolutism
      • The 30 years’ war allowed monarchs to establish large standing armies
      • Monarchs controlled taxation/representative institutions-nobles get subjected into bureaucracy
    • Serfdom entrenched(nobles controlled serf movement, sold commercial crops, and dominated village life)-nobles wants to lock down serfs
    • Little exploration-sought to expand within eastern/central europe
    • Baroque culture dominated-monarchs and nobles copied versailles and used architecture and art to show power
      • Baroque capitals in east-vienna/st.petersburg

• Determine how the 30 years’ war(1618-1648)(30 years war leads to prussia/austria) was instrumental in Eastern Absolutism
  • Hohenzollerns of Prussia-Frederick William the elector-Frederick William I
    • emperor=kaiser
    • Kaisers are hollhenzoreins family
    • 30 years’ war→Prussia pop. declines bc/ war is fought there a lot
    • Junkers=afraid of austria/swedes/french/danes—>make deal with kaisers
    • Kaisers+junker make a deal
    • Junkers-professional army
      • Junkers had to be generals-service nobility
      • Service nobility=versailles
      • Junkers had to pax tax to kaiser and serve kaiser(military/bureaucracy)
  • Hapsburgs of Austria-Ferdinand II & Prince Francis Rakoczy-nobles strongest in austria
    • 15th century-hapsburg-charles V
    • Treaty of augsburg-choose to be Lutheran or Catholic
    • 30 years’ war→HRE=dead→austria and Prussia
    • 30 years war begins in bohemia and hungary(both are calvinists)
    • Ferdinand 2 cancels bohemia/hungary
    • Austrian emperor kills protestant nobles and gives their land to catholic loyal nobles
    • Austrian nobles afraid of ottomans→nobles make deals with ottoman kings?
    • Nobles in bureaucracy

• Austria-add to notes
  • Multi-ethnic>give nobles more concessions
    • Hungarians
    • Balkans
    • czech(bohemians)
    • Slovaks
    • slav
  • Catholicism(1 state 1 faith)
  • Vienna-culture capital=Baroque capital
  • Pragmatic sanction(all german princes sign pragmatic sanction–austrian lands cannot be divided)→maintain balance of power

• Prussia-more centralized/stronger king
  • towns
  • Homogenous-all german
  • Were the Elector of the Holy Roman Empire
  • Militaristic
    • junkers(service nobility) give taxes and soldiers(people tax)
  • kaiser(king)
    • Army
    • junkers/nobles
      • Taxes
      • Serve in army-service nobility
  • Militaristic
  • Religious tolerance

• Tsars of RussiaIvan IV & Peter the Great-absent
  • The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 created a power vacuum in Central and Eastern Europe where rival states competed to fill the void. As the Ottoman Turks battled the Habsburg Empire, the princes of Muscovy were building a state that would become known as Russia. Russia would build an autocratic state governed by a tsar (caesar) - an autocrat who wielded absolute power long before the Western European absolutists did so
  • End of 30 years war=Habsburg monarchy+ottomans+poland+prussia+russia
  • Russia inherits byzantine empire
  • Moscow started as tributary state for the mongols-muscovite princes paid tribute to the mongol empire then Mongols retreated
  • Ivan 3 says muscovy is independent
  • Ivan 3 saw russia as 3rd rome
  • Russian tsars were absolutists before the west were absolutists
  • Classes
    • Boyars-nobility
    • Streltsy-musketeers
    • Russian orthodox church
  • Ivan 1V
    • The terrible
    • Tsar vs. boyars
    • Got Powers and subdues boyars
  • Peter the Great
    • W-westernization-russia is in europe and asia-before peter russia was oriented towards the east
    • WW-warm water ports→naval/commercial power
    • Military reforms-professional military force based on prussia-westernizing russian military
    • Father of the russian navy→introduced national flag
    • Peter’s european tour-amsterdam/england
      • Learnt shipbuilding
      • Gives russia a cultural revolution
        • Western clothing
        • beard tax
        • education(paid for sons of russian nobles to study in western europe)
        • Modifies calendar-starts new year at january
        • Church reforms-Institutional church(russian orthodox church) was too powerful and was fighting westernization
          • Russian church was led by patriarch(figurehead)→ no patriarch so synod(council of bishops) replaces→church is faceless regime(no figure head)
        • Christian toleration for foreignersrussian had to be orthodox but foreigners could be any type of christian→implemented different types of christian churches in russia
        • boyars→service nobility(nobility with duties to monarch-not doing their own thing)
          • Table of ranks-14 ranks(civil and military leadership)-everyone starts at bottom-meritocracy
        • st. petersburg-baroque capital-warm water port
    • Resistance to westernization
      • Streltsy rebellion→Peter fought them with general patrick gordon→streltsy disbanded

• identify and explain the causes of the 18th century enlightenment-absent
  • Scientific revolution
  • Price revolution
  • Slavery
  • mercantilism

• I can define the 18th century enlightenment
  • Independent from the church and despots, the public(talking about white landowners) using reason will understand the natural laws that govern society(politics/economics/culture/labour/philosophy) and work to make life better for all people(talking about rural people)
    • Self-sufficiency of the human mind(blank slate)
    • Individuals are born with natural rights that cannot be violated
    • Comprehend natural laws to reform society
    • Society needs freedom/liberty/equality to progress in these endeavours
    • Institutions must live up to reason and natural laws, if not then they need to be reformed or eradicated

• I can identify the institutions the enlightenment will attempt to reform or eradicate
  • Church
  • Monarchy
  • Education
  • Slavery
  • Great chain of being
  • Mercantilism
  • guilds

• Identify and explain deism
  • Enlightenment definition of religion
  • Separation of church and state
  • God is real
  • God created all with natural rights+talents
  • All equal under god
  • Universal values despite religion
    • Dutch and turks/ottomans are enlightened bc/ they offer religious tolerance

• Identify and explain how each philosopher contributed to the 18th century enlightenment thought and challenged institutions
  • Self sufficiency of the human mind
    • Kant + d’Holbach say “remove your own immaturity”
  • Challenged monarchy(natural laws of government)
    • Condorcet
      • torture is unreasonable and violates natural laws and rights
      • Renounce your own barbarity
    • Montesquieu
      • Division of power, not absolute monarchy
      • Separation of branches
    • Locke
      • Individuals enter social contract with their rulers
    • Rosseau
      • Trusted emotion rather than science/reason
      • Natural education
        • Children naturally good
        • Education should be individual
        • Discovery learning
      • General will
        • Individuals had a social contract with each other
        • Sovereign power in general will(public spirit) of the community
        • Rulers are servants of the community-if they don’t fulfill general will they should be replaced
  • Challenges church and aristocracy(natural laws of culture)
    • Voltaire-deist
    • Paine-deist
      • Wants happiness
      • Institution not god is unreasonable
        • Going after all unreasonable religious institutions-not just christian
        • Reform not eradicate
      • Don’t let institution think for people
      • Give freedom
    • Both want to:
      • reform /eradicate institution not god
      • Find out natural laws of religion→everyone should be religiously tolerant bc/ of natural laws
  • Challenges basis of knowledge(natural laws of education)
    • Diderot-deist
      • Put together encyclopedia-bible is not authority anymore-it also replaces great chain of the being
      • Encyclopedia(new book of knowledge) answers all ?s not bible

• Decide if slavery is eocnomically or ethnically more damaging
  • Slavery-institution

• Decide which absolute monarchs implement which enlightenment ideas and reforms in the 18th century

• The Enlightened Despots – Monarchy’s last chance
  • Philosophers and Monarchs felt change should move
  • top – down.
  • Enlightened Monarchs would gain power & authority
  • Bring order and clarity in government (Monarchs were listening and could implement science) (useful to society)
  • Make their countries stronger and prosperous
  • Set a wise and firm example for their government officials and subjects to follow in order to make their subjects happy (often times were secular and monitored church for unity )
  • Exist as a fact of life and could not be ousted (Voltaire)
  • They disregarded the needs and rights of the people.

• Universal characteristics of enlightened despots in the east:
  • Use scientific economic reforms
  • Made nations stronger
    • Territorial expansion from Poland made by russia/austria/Prussia
  • Expanded the state(no church)
  • efficient/orderly bureaucracy
    • justice system
    • everyone under the law
  • Kept serfdom
  • Gained power for the king

• Extent to which enlightened despots were enlightened(reform institutions) or not:

• Frederick II of Prussia-frederick the great (1740-1786)
  • Wins victory and territory for Prussia (Wars [War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War] and partition of Poland)
  • Founded new villages to attract immigrants
  • Promoted agriculture and industry (silk & coffee)
    • Scientific agriculture
  • Religious toleration for everyone, except Jews
  • Education – ousted Jesuits and patron of arts
    • Mandatory education to 4th grade for boys
  • Criminal punishments = equal for all persons
    • No torture
  • Centralized Bureaucracy (Junkers in bureaucracy)–cameralism(1 house)
    • Unified national code of law
  • Serfdom remains (rewards for reforms)

• Maria Theresa of Austria (1740-1780)
  • All of her children married into Europe’s ruling families-peace through procreation
  • Lost wars and territory to Prussia
  • Limited Papal Authority in Austria
  • Limited Jesuit influence (WHY?)
  • Gained investiture power & money–limited power of catholic church
  • Taxed all nobles
  • Kept serfdom in exchange for reforms
  • No educational reforms

• Joseph II of Austria–most enlightened-Maria Theresa’s son
  • Partition of Poland
  • Granted religious toleration to all-edict of toleration
  • Abolished serfdom
    • It could be seen as enlightened, but it can also be seen as unenlightened because:
      • Serfs wanted to keep serfdom(were willing to give up rights) because now they had to pay taxes/money and they didn’t have that problem before
      • Nobles lost their workforce when serfdom was abolished
  • Centralized the state and demanded a balanced budget (no more local rule)
  • Outlawed torture throughout Austria
  • No educational reforms

• Catherine the Great of Russia (1762-1796)
  • Young German princess married Peter III
  • Russian nationalism promoted
  • Education for nobles girls mandatory(st. petersburg)
    • What they were educated in was in the hands of the state-unenlightened
  • Warm water port
  • Western european enlightenment values
  • Publishes diderot’s encyclopedia and the wealth of nations by adam smith
    • Could also be unenlightened because:
      • It’s good press for russia
      • People aren’t very literate
  • She had and accomplished three goals:
    • Westernize Russian Culture (Rococo)
    • Domestic reforms (restricts torture & some religious tolerance(everyone but jews))
    • Territorial Expansion (Partition of Poland and Odessa)
    • Pugachev Rebellion – Serfdom extended
      • Nobles absolute power over serfs to prevent future rebellions
      • Pugachev rebellion-serfs rebel to end serfdom

• France after Louis XIV–Louis XV and Duc d’Orleans
  • Middle class = craves higher status and tax breaks, not great reforms = buy noble status (not ALL enlightened)
  • Restored the high courts – Parlements (what power did they have – how was it enlightened?) (What was their key disagreement with the king and Maupeou?)
  • Lost wars of Austrian succession and the Seven Years War (financial crisis)
  • Maupeou – destroys Parlements and implements taxes on ALL classes (why would enlightenment like this?)
  • Louis XVI dismisses Maupeou and all reforms eliminated (enlightenment men discouraged)

• War of Austrian Succession
  • Austria (GB, Neth., RU) VS. Prussia (FR, SP, SW)
  • Prussia wins = Silesia & viewed as new German power
  • Great Britain wins = Gains French colonies in New World

• Seven Years War (French and Indian Wars)
  • Same combatants, but sides switch
  • Austria (FR, SP, RU, and SW) VS. Prussia (GB)
  • Prussia wins in Europe = viewed as new German power
  • Great Britain wins = all French mainland colonies in North America and Indian possessions

• Define the 18th century agricultural revolution(scientific and ag. Rev occur at the same time)
  • A time marked by new ways of farming that produce higher yields, higher population, and reduce the amount of “demographic crisis”
    • Demographic crisis:
      • Famine
      • Disease
      • Weather
      • War
  • Ag. Rev eliminates famine/disease/war
  • Everyone has to change after traditional ag. is gone
  • 80% of Europe rely on agriculture
  • Rural people get enlightenment only because of agricultural revolution
  • rural people don’t like enlightenment because it
    • Takes away church
    • Gives calendar change-gets rid of festivals
    • Takes away community
    • Takes away public humiliation
    • Takes away blood sports
  • Rural people get enlightened for financial purposes

• identify/explain the causes of the 18th century agricultural revolution(in order):
  • Scientific revolution
    • New instruments
    • Natural Laws of agriculture using scientific method
  • Price rev
    • Cash crop
    • Commercial agriculture-big pieces of land
    • Professional class
    • New transportation
    • canal
  • Mercantilism
    • Defunct institution
  • Slavery
  • New world crops
    • potato
  • Enlightenment
    • Causes of the enlightenment

• identify/explain the key components of the agricultural revolution

• Explain how the agricultural revolution is enlightened and challenges mercantilism

TB notes:

• Rural industry
  • Cottage industry-Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant cottages/work sheds-manufactured goods for large scale sale in a market
  • Putting out system
    • Most prominent in england
    • 18th century system where a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers who would return finished products to merchant
    • Production grew into many stages→Merchants would give different groups different jobs

• Rural textile workers
  • spinsters-widowed/single women who weaved
  • Operating the loom involved a whole family(handloom) until the arrival of mechanized looms in the 1800s
  • Workers and merchants didn’t get along
    • merchants gave minimum wages to laborers to force them into doing work
    • Workers lost some rights

• Explain HOW the agricultural revolution is enlightened
  • Not officially enlightened

• identify/explain the processes of the 18th century agricultural revolution
  • 80% of europe are forced to enlightenment ideas
  • Seed drilling machines
    • Plants seeds in larger numbers/equidistant from other seeds/go down to the right depth→maximum yield+efficient use of acreage
    • Only lord can afford this→communal aspect goes away and rural people fall behind in harvest
    • Peasants can’t compete
  • Root crops
    • It eliminates fallow
    • ⅓ increase of agricultural harvest
    • Rich people ate meat/fish and Rural people ate vegetables/bread but now rural people eat meat(get stronger)→pop. Grow
    • Crop rotation based on crop not season
  • Selective breeding
    • Breed strong animals together
    • Lord uses part of common pasture and marks it for himself to breed strong animals→sells it
    • Peasants can’t compete
  • Drain swamps+build canals
    • Lord takes common pasture and drains swamps→profit rises
    • Peasant can’t compete
  • ENCLOSURE movement
    • Moves people to commercial agriculture
    • Encloses common pasture/gets rid of barriers→triples acreage
      • The livestock in common pasture of peasants have lost yields but the lord gains yields
    • Enclosure act made by parliament(landowning men)-selfish→but helps europe
    • Peasants’ land eventually go to lord as well bc/they can’t compete→rural proletariat(can still farm but don’t own land)
      • Can be hired by lord as workers but they get wages
      • Can still live in village
      • Can still buy goods in village shops
      • Some become tenant farmers(more skilled peasants)–middleman
        • They run lord’s estate
        • Earn more wages than rural proletariat
      • No more peasants→rural proletariat or tenant farmers→going to capitalism
  • ^ everything above is scientific farming
    • Joseph 2 and frederick the great used this-imposed in the east
    • In the west it’s organic from the people→capitalism
  • 18th century agriculture village before ag. rev
    • Communal living
    • Church is the center of the life
    • Growing season/church dictate calendar
    • Fallow-put nutrients back in soil-let it rest
    • Farm as a group then split up harvest
      • Lord takes half of harvest→eats and sells(at a cheaper price than peasants because he has more)
      • Peasants get 1/10 of harvest→eat/sell it

• identify/explain the effects of the 18th century agricultural revolution
  • Transform the agricultural village
  • inefficient(sunday off and holy monday)
    • 1 person doesn’t do work-other workers get affected
  • Cottage industry emerges(after price rev)
    • Not part of ag. Rev
    • merchant/professional group comes to manage Rural proletariat-demand for manufacturing so fill it with new group of laborers
      • Proletariat earn wages
      • Spinning jenny→females are spinsters(unskilled jobs)
      • Skilled job→loom
        • Workers who use loom make a lot of money easily→get married quicker→pop. growth
      • Unskilled labor-dye stuff-women
      • Men do skilled work
        • Ex.tailor
        • dependable
      • Women do unskilled work
    • Transatlantic slave trade/triangle trade/trading port empires need sales
  • Population boom
  • Challenges mercantilism and guilds w/proto-industry
    • Guild-1 master craftsmen
    • Guilds can’t meet demand but cottage industry can
    • Proto-industry-before machines
      • Competitive class out of price rev make machines
  • Changes social classes in west
    • peasants/nobles start to fade→rural proletariat
    • Working+middle class emerge=rural proletariat

• Remember the 18th century economic changes-these economic changes will LEAD to social changes and spur the growth of capitalism
  • A globalized market
  • Slave trade
  • Agricultural revolution
  • Population growth(demand increased)
  • Cottage industry

• identify/explain HOW the 18th century revolutions and economic changes are exemplified in the gin act of 1751

• Remember the 2 18th century revolutions: enlightenment and agricultural revolution

• Gin act definition on dbqtaxes/regulation of gin

• Pro gin act
  • Immoral
  • No chaos
  • Bad for health
  • Skilled workers don’t work-unproductive

• Anti gin act
  • Profit
  • Good for economy
  • Comfort
  • Natural laws-property rights
  • Health(relaxing nature)
  • State revenue

• Elbe-Trieste Line

• identify/explain this process and how it serves as context for adam smith’s “on wealth of nations” (1776)
  • From mercantilism→capitalism
    • Father of capitalism=adam smith
    • Evidence for adam smith’s arguments are
      • Slave trade
      • Cottage industry
      • Enclosure
      • Mercantilism
      • Ag.rev
    • Impacted haiti/south america/french revolutions
    • Audience for adam smith’s book=leaders of nation
    • England learns from this
    • French rev attacks absolutism/defunct tax system/nobles from this book
    • Catherine the great read this and allows this to be printed but there’s low literacy-russia doesn’t pick up the info. though
    • On wealth of nations and the encyclopedia is used to lead revolutions
    • Adam smith would be against gin act
  • 18th century changes
    • Professional armies
    • Growth of absolutism
    • Population increases
    • Cottage industry
    • Enclosure
    • Slave trade
    • Ag. rev
    • Global markets(5 continents of goods)
    • Enlightenment
    • Growth of constitutionalism
    • mercantilism(16th-18th)

• Identify/explain the causes and effects of the 18th century wars
  • War of spanish succession(treaty of utrecht)
  • War of austrian succession(1740-1748)
  • 7 years war(1756-1763)(treaty of paris)

• Natural law of economics-adam smith
  • People work for greed
  • People are naturally competitive
  • No government regulation
  • Allow Supply and demand to occur
  • Right to property
  • Free trade
    • Mercantilism works for good of state(tariffs/monopolies/subsidies)
    • Free trade works for individual rights
    • No tariffs
    • No monopolies
    • No subsidies
    • No gin act because it’s putting an unnatural price instead of its natural price
      • Buying at inflated prices-unequal for people who can’t afford it
    • Adam smith likes Enclosure act
      • Increases competition between nobles
      • Allows peasants to be competitive
    • Navigation acts-doesn’t like

• Decipher how 18th century economic changes caused continuity and changes in the 18th century marriage and family patterns and village life
  • Continuity
    • Separate spheres
    • Family unit
    • Working class women always work outside the home(other people’s home)
    • Nuclear family
  • Changes
    • Younger marriage age-average age 27
      • Had to Wait for inheritance(or handloom attracts women)
      • Had to wait to gain a dowry
      • Social controls-the village had to approve of the marriage(meet people at the church-everyone will be there)
      • Lord may have had to ok the match
      • Church controlled the process(no clandestine marriages after council of trent-social power)
    • Population goes up
    • Boys move to cities and get nonrural jobs
      • Premarital affairs→pressure to get married by community
    • Illegitimate birth rise bc/ of economic changes

• Determine what role enlightenment played in these patterns and in widening the class gap

• Economic changes demand/force social changes within the village and family

• The economic changes challenge the institutions of marriage/the guild/the local parish traditions(when and where they get married+who marries who)/traditional village life

• Girls work outside home to get dowry and get skills
  • Lot of abuse/sexual assault

• Women need to bring clothing items and men bring furniture items to marriage

• Decipher how 18th century economic changes caused continuity and changes in the 18th century recreation and leisure/food and drink/consumer revolution/marriage and family
  • Leisure/recreation
    • Changes
      • Hard liquor
      • commercial sports
      • More leisure time because they’re working in cities
      • Sports spectator in cottage industry
      • New liquor-gin(out of grains)/rum(from sugar)
      • More regulation in spectator sport/blood sports
        • rules/regulations
        • Class gap-some are watching/some are making profit
        • Arenas+spectators
        • Sports becomes its own Cottage industry
        • Get horse racing, boxing, bull fighting (spain)
        • Training
        • Aristo-patrons of athletics
      • Class gap in literacy
    • Continuities
      • Bloodsports
      • Oral communication despite high literacy rates-people don’t want to read
      • public/private spheres-men tavern and women in cottage
      • Taverns
      • Festivals
  • New foods and drink
    • Continuity
      • Class gap in diet
        • peasants=grains/vegetables
        • rich=meat and alcohol
      • Just price-setting grain prices so ALL can afford it
        • Enlightenment thinkers don’t like it because they want natural laws of supply and demand and free trade
      • Game laws
        • Higher class ate more meat than peasants
        • Not favored by enlightenment thinkers
          • Violate natural rights of property for farmers
          • Keeps people from using scientific farming methods
          • inequality
    • Change
      • New food from new world-changing diets
        • sugar, cotton, chocolate, tea, tobacco-stimulants→industrialism
        • New crop rotation→eliminates fallow
        • New nutritious foods
      • Market gardening→vegetables
      • Drank coffee to emulate aristocracy
      • Slave labor in america's→good food
      • Just price went against free trade
  • Consumer revolution
    • a rise in amount and variety of good leading to more consumption and new attitudes(cottage industry and wage work, women dictate fashion, women can do wage work in clothing trade as well as outside the home work, identity is connected to what you can buy
    • Clothing-class narrowing-can’t tell distinction of women through clothing
    • Continuity
      • Separate spheres
    • Changes
      • More stuff
      • More luxury goods
      • Advertising
      • Privacy within boudoir(Boudoir=private bedroom)-enlightenment ideas(own property/liberty)
        • individualism
      • Slave trade allows dyes
  • Medical practices
    • Continuity
      • MIDWIVES
      • FAITH
      • HEALERS
      • purging/bloodletting
        • Reduces Gout-(gout comes from eating a lot of meat)
    • Changes
      • Smallpox inoculation
        • Catherine the great 1st to become inoculated
        • Jenner
          • Conquest of smallpox was the greatest medical triumph of 18th century
        • Ottomans
        • Montagu
        • Experiment
      • Doctors
        • Surgery and amputation learnt from war
        • Class gap
          • Not everyone can afford doctors
      • New cottage industry
        • Apothecaries-pharmacists
      • Madame du Coudray
        • New instruments
        • Train midwives
        • Used experiment+experience
        • Wrote book
        • practice
  • Religious piety movement and methodism
    • Changes
      • Protestant Pietism
        • faith/emotion/”religion of the heart”
        • Revive warm, emotional fervor for life
        • Priesthood of all believers
          • Bible reading extended to all classes→literacy
          • Responsible for educational reforms of Prussia
        • Practical power of christian rebirth in everyday affairs
          • Reborn christians should live good/moral lives and come from all social classes
      • Methodism
        • John wesley
        • Existing churches=overcrowded/hostile
        • Wesley preached in open fields
        • Wesley rejected calvinist predestination
          • All men and women who wanted salvation could be saved
      • Catholic version of pietism=jansenism
        • French liked it-mainly urban elite
    • Continuities
      • Rural areas=strong religious faith
        • Salvation
        • Comfort given by church
        • Traditions
      • Local parish church important
        • Events
        • Community goodip and gathering there
        • Community records
        • Distributed charity
        • education

• Decipher how enlightenment thinkers thought about the changes and continuities

• Remember 80% of Europe used 16th century methods of raising children and only 20% used 18th century methods
  • 16th century
    • No enlightenment
    • Sticks with institution(church)
    • Wrapping kids on boards and hanging them straight-protects kids from fire and dangerous objects-out of love
  • 17th/18th century
    • children=blank slate

• study notes from childhood debate*

• use journey to revolution and rb notes*

• Dual revolutionshappening at the same time
  • Industrial(economic and social) and french(political/intellectual/social) revolutins
    • 18th century=causes/impetus
    • 19th century=impacts across europe and the world

• Determine the long term and short term causes of the French revolution (1789) (17th+18th century)-each of the estates cares about certain causes
  • DEBT
    • War of austrian succession-lost to great britain
    • 7 years war-lost to great britain
    • Lost colonies-still have haiti-less raw materials
    • Helped American revolution
    • versailles
  • Defunct tax system
    • Only 3rd estate is taxed
      • All are taxed equally
      • But bourgeoisie are the ones actually giving money and they’re the most smart/skilled/wealthy-money taken away and no political power
  • Old regime(social class hierarchy) is defunct
    • 1st estate-clergy
    • 2nd estate-nobles/aristocracy
      • Only nobles have swords because only nobles can be generals
      • Clergy people wear vestments
    • 3rd estate-80% of population-no political power-game laws-not very literate
      • merchant/professional=bourgeoisie
      • Peasants
      • Sans-culotte-wear pantaloons not culottes-they also wear fridheats
        • Urban workers who used to be peasants
        • Unemployed people
  • Enlightenment
    • Most enlightenment philosophers were french aristocrats
  • Crop failures+famine→bread prices go up
    • Peasant revolt to get just price
    • Great britain/Netherlands/U.S. Don’t have this
    • france/Prussia have this
  • Unemployment
    • Lost colonies cause certain industries to fail due to lack of raw materials
  • Unpopular king and queen(Louis XVI)
  • American revolution-win in 1781
    • French helped american revolutions because they don’t like great britain
    • Provided guns/uniforms/training from nobles
    • Constitution
    • Individual rights
    • People are sovereign
    • Representational government
    • voting(white landowning men)
    • Equality under the law
    • Meritocracy-doesn’t matter who parents are
    • secular

• Preview the effects of the Dual rev(french and industrial) in the 19th centuryclassical liberalism emerges
  • All of europe will try to stop change
  • Absolutism threatened
  • Encourages anti-establishment and anti institutional religious feelings
  • Exacerbates urban/rural tensions
  • Attacks institutions
  • Encourages more revolutions
    • Haiti
    • 1820-democrats
    • 1830
    • 1848

• Identify and explain the sparks of the french revolution
  • People are sovereign
  • Representational government
    • Political representation for bourgeoisie
  • Equality under law
    • All should be taxed not just 3rd estate
  • Individual rights for all
  • Meritocracy
    • More people than just nobles should be generals

• Trace the revolutionary events for one social class
  • Nobility+clergy
  • Bourgeoisie
  • Peasants
  • Sans-culotte

• identify/explain key ideas of Mary Wollstonecraft/Olympia de Gouges/Maximilian Robespierre

• Constitution of 1791-national assembly
  • No more feudal-equality under the law
  • No more privileges-equality under the law
  • Constitutional monarchy-shared power
  • Individual rights
  • Representational government
  • Landowning men vote
  • Cap.+metric system
  • Civil constitution of the clergy
    • Freedom of religion
    • Priests are elected
    • Nationalizes church land
  • Ladies
    • Inherit property
    • Pressure dead-beat dads to pay alimony
    • Divorce rights

• Constitution of 1792-national convention
  • Keeps everything from the constitution of 1791 but adds:
  • No monarch
  • Universal male suffrage
  • Abolition
  • Culture change
    • New playing cards without king/queen
    • New calendar
      • No more saint days or festivals
    • Secular
    • Temples of reason-no more church
    • Republic

• France advances into the netherlands
  • Fighting monarchs of europe( hate revolution)

• Price Controls (1793)
  • Set low prices for bread+cloth

• Reign of Terror(committee of public safety)

• Directory-1795 constitution
  • Keeps 1791 constitution but changes:

• Identify and explain the SPARKS of the revolution of 1789

• RADICAL parts of french revolution
  • Reign of terror
  • Abolition of slavery
  • Universal manhood suffrage
  • Freedom of religion
  • King killed
  • Europe attacks
  • Women
    • Divorce
    • Inherit property
    • Go after dead-beat dads for alimony

• Interpretation of french Revolution
  • Importance of idea-philosophes
  • Importance of interest-class interests
  • “Discourse” interpretation-interplay of ideas and interest groups that constantly shifts as events unfold
  • Grand sweep perspective-long sweep of related trends
  • Contingency perspective-circumstances that are unique and unpredictable

• Storming of the bastille=sans culotte

• Tennis court oath=bourgeoisie

• Phyrigian hat-san-culotte hat

• Obelisk of faces-separation of powers

• Bundle of sticks=faces-tribune uses it to stop oppression-equality for all+anti tyranny–athenians and plebeians

• providence-faith/destiny-deism(people control fate/destiny) instead of god

• Eye of Providence =deism

• dog=loyalty

• identify/explain the domestic(europe) and global(world+europe) effects of Napoleon’s rule

• Argue using Concrete evidence that napoleon is
  • A child of enlightenment
    • Brings Nationalism/independence(not napoleon’s intention)
      • Latin america independence
      • Haiti
      • Germany-in confederation of the rhine, all Germans live in the same country→german consciousness
      • Italy bc/ of italian consciousness
      • Poland-polish consciousness
    • All men voted for napoleon
      • He had a plebiscite election
        • yes/no vote once
        • People were feared into voting for him
        • Napoleon-dictator for life
    • Concordat of 1801
      • Guarantees to everyone in europe freedom of religion
    • Even though napoleon brings slavery lack he spurrs abolition in GB-accidental
    • Serfdom gone in the entire empire!
    • Civil code of 1804=napoleonic code-spreads all over europe
      • Private property protected
      • Equality under law
      • Free public education for boys and girls-learning stuff dictated by napoleon→unifying group through what they’re learning
    • army and bureaucracy get real meritocracy
      • Defeated people can get into army and rise to high ranks
    • Bank of France-guarantees private property
  • A ruthless tyrant-unenlightened
    • Russian invasion and war
    • Spain-guerre→spanish territories and colonies
    • Take over countries and put inept brothers in charge(in thrones of europe)-simony/nepotism(giving family members a position)/re-institutes monarchy
    • Haiti-returns slavery→haitian revolution→haitians get independence(bc/ it’s hard to fight haiti and russia)
    • Continental system-designed to hurt great britain but hurts france
      • Napoleon blocks land from britain but can’t block sea→naval blockade around all of europe-all for him-mercantilism
      • High european tariffs→prices in europe rise→hurts france(has the most middle class)
        • Targets uk and us
        • European countries have to send raw material to france and buy french goods from france
    • Poor ladies-women get rights taken away from them
      • Napoleonic code:
        • All rights gone-inheriting property/divorce/getting alimony money
        • Family monarchy-father is emperor of home like napoleon is emperor of the country-brings back patriarchy
    • Secret police under joseph foustre’
      • Rights being denied to french citizens:
        • Less Free speech
        • Censorship-newspapers controlled by napoleon
        • Freedom of press-only 4 newspapers
        • plebiscite
    • Concordat of 1801
      • Investiture power to Napoleon-simony/nepotism is back-institution is backed
      • Freedom of religion for catholics in france
        • Because In temples of reason people worship the cult of supreme being
        • Festivals are back
      • Pope is back but no investiture/tithe power-church institution is back
    • Nobles become imperial nobility(emegree’s)-institution is backed

• Remember that the french+industrial revolution occur at the same time(Dual Revolution)

• identify/explain the causes of the industrial revolution
  • Agricultural rev-enclosure
    • Popu/ation goes up→competition→innovation
    • Rural proletariat→become working class(unskilled workers to work machines)
    • Capital made off enclosure movement(by nobles)→build factories
      • everybody (even austria/Prussia) have capital
  • New bourgeoisie class+adam smith→middle class
    • Middle class-they run 19th century with french/industrial rev
      • Consumers
      • Markets-places to sell goods
      • Capitalism
    • Adam smith
      • Laws of economics have been established and can now be implemented
      • competition→entrepreneurs(to invent/take risk/have business)(have practice from joint stock)
  • Strong nation-state(cameralism)
    • Pass legislation to help
    • Unified
    • security(by tax people)=people are willing to take risks
    • Private property protected
    • Public works
      • Canals
    • Justice system
      • So people can feel safe and take risks
  • Scientific rev and enlightenment
    • Scientific rev
      • Innovations
  • Cottage industry
    • Ideas of it were ineffective→better solution
  • Colonialism
    • Need Raw materials in their own country because nations are losing colonies
  • Slave trade
    • Capital made from slave trade>industrialism
    • Britain got asiento last
  • Consumer rev

• Decide which nations will industrialize first and why and decide if 1815 should be a turning point
  • Haitian revolution
  • Not many colonies left at this point-europe out of colonialism
  • End of the french rev
  • Nations that will industrialize first:
    • Wont’s have innovation with large population-austria and Prussia
    • France and prussia-opportunity for innovation with high population
    • Britain will naturally industrialize

• List the criteria a nation needs to industrialize

• Start to identify/explain the EFFECTS of and RESPONSES(Luddite-the old weavers in the cottage industry) to the industrial revolution
  • Standard of living rises(wages increases, that’s all-quality of life still can go down), but…quality of life
  • Pauper apprenticeship(children of orphanage who work) emerges
    • standard of living increases but quality of life goes down
  • Cottage industry is dissolved→poor weavers
  • Luddinites
    • Solution-destroy the machine
  • Malthus and ricardo
    • Stop procreation by controlling instincts
  • Smiles
    • Workers should win
  • Smith
    • Workers should win
  • Ashley mines commision
    • Commission investigating ashley mines(ashley is a he in england)
    • Dangerous/Low paying/immoral(people wear little clothes/they go to taverns afterward/speak bad words) in the mines
    • Physical damage
    • Immorality
    • Ashleys mine commission(1842)-government funds an investigation on the mines through testimony of workers/owners/children-using scientific method and enlightenment-protecting natural rights
      • Owners want to property protection
      • workers/children wants to protect rights of life/liberty
      • Solution-passing legislation(mines act 1842)
  • Owens-radical
    • Can make children however we want-john locke
    • Industrial revolution shapes children to be immoral and heartless
    • Concerned about the immorality of ashley mines
    • Solution
      • child labour laws
      • Free public education until 10 years for children-he thinks adulthood starts at 10
      • Says Bourgeoisie wins
  • Engels-marxist
    • Industrial revolutions steal peoples’ soul and makes them machines or like a beast
    • Owners of mines are interested in naked/greedy self interest(like machines more than people)
    • Solution-bring legislation to change capitalism
      • government(made to protect rights) needs to do this or people can REVOLT
    • Says Bourgeoisie wins

• Remember the elements a nation needs to successfully industrialize and what caused them in Great Britain

*Smith like some legislation(that increases competition and causes prices to reduce) and hates some

• Unified nation-state
  • Security
  • Justice system
  • Public works(canals+railroads)
  • Pass legislation
  • Private property
    • Property owning own men vote in britain so they are legislating for themself-last time they did that for enclosure

• Resources-geography
  • No more american colonies for raw materials→have on their own

• Capital
  • From slave trade
  • From enclosure movement

• Innovation and technology

• Markets
  • Which have demand for the manufactured goods

• Entrepreneurs

• Skilled workers(plumbing, dismantling parts)

• Unskilled workers(to do undesired, monotonous jobs)

• Financial institutions
  • Banks

• Responses
  • Ned Ludd
    • Arrests him and his lieutenants→women and children of the former weavers work but they don’t get high wages
    • After women and children work wages go down so men need to get women and children out of those jobs to get more money/status

• Industrial revolution
  • Can still work as a family unit
  • Working class women hate factory act and mine act restricting child labour-they can’t work as much so they have to stay at home an watch the kids
  • Effect of industrial rev→cult of domesticity after factory and mine act

• Continue to add to my industrial revolution effects list, remember some responses to the industrial revolution, and be able to explain more
  • Response-everyone responds to different things
    • Working class women
      • Piece work
      • Factories
      • Domestic service
    • Capitalists
      • Ashley mines corporation
      • Sadler commission-factory act of 1833
      • In acts Working conditions/workers’ compensation/minimum wage not addressed
      • women/children not in unions
    • Marxist
      • Engels
    • Socialist
      • Robert owens
    • Reactionary-go back to past
      • Luddites

• Explain more-mostly here people see positives
  • laissez faire capitalists-and factory owners’ perspective-prosperity/competition/job opportunities
    • Adam smith
      • Public works
      • Justice
      • security
    • Thomas Maithus
      • Malthus 1798-like an enlightenment thinker
        • Population goes up(bc/ of enclosure movement/ higher wages/agricultural rev/root crops/new tech.city life
          • Food cannot keep up→
          • Famine
          • Limited resources→
          • wars/competition→
            • Population goes down→more resources→cycle continues
            • Break cycle by not having kids
    • David ricardo
      • Natural “iron” laws of wages
      • Cycle of wages follow Maithus’s cycle
      • Negative social effects are part of cycle-natural laws-can’t artificially regulate
      • Population up wages down, population down wage sup
      • Break cycle by not having kids
    • Samuel smiles
      • problem=people are not self sufficient
      • Solve industrial problems through less government regulation(laissez faire capitalism)
        • No mines act/factory act
      • People need to work hard/be thrifty/have an education/prudent restraint(Break the cycle by not having kids)

• Remember why the continent must wait to industrialize until 1815
  • Britain starts industrializing in 1780s
  • Have resources..but waited
  • Wait till napoleonic wars are over-britain not on the continent so doesn’t have to wait
  • Need more capital
  • No unity-mainly german states/italy/austria
  • Serfdom in the east
  • GB has cheaper and higher quality goods because they’ve been doing it longer and using colonies-can’t compete

• identify/explain how the continent catches up to GB and the specific policies they used to do this
  • Most nations had cottage industry and unskilled workers
  • Recruit british people(engineers and skilled workers)
  • European governments set up national tariffs
    • Leads to people purchasing domestic products-markets
    • Helps regain capital they lost from GB-capital
      • Capital used for railroad→nationalism
    • Nationalism-people are buying domestic products
  • Continental governments built railroads/canalsbuilding socialism
    • State will directly invest in factories too
    • In britain/u.s. have private investments
  • Publicized banks and limited liability
    • Limited liability-investors can only lose what they invested not what they make out of it
      • Helps continent create market and capital
  • Free trade zones
    • Mainly prussia-Prussia erected the Zollverein
    • Zollverein-tariff free zone
    • Can put railroads in free trade zones-unites germany economically-prices go down
    • Austria doesn’t join zollverein
  • Many adopted the policies of friedrich list and economic nationalism
    • Economic nationalism-people in an area are connected and loyal because of money

• identify/explain the role of the railroad in europe
  • The continent uses railroad to catch up and build nationalism
  • More railroad→better

• Standard of living up before 1848 while Quality of life increases after 1848

• identify/explain the causes of 18th and 19th century urbanization
  • New jobs from factories
  • Enclosure act+agricultural revolution
  • Cottage industry
  • Steam engine-steam power is mobile
    • No longer have to have factory next to water
  • Railroads
  • Population boom
  • illegitimacy goes up

• identify/explain the opportunities and problems of “the walking city”(cramped/overcrowded/with no public transport which erupted due to industrialism/ignorance/too fast) and why
  • Opportunities
    • Wages go up
    • New jobs
    • opportunities
  • Problems
    • No public transportation
    • Pollution
    • Disease
    • No sewers
    • No zoning
      • Ex.farm zones/manufacturing zones/residential zones
    • No public school
    • Not enough housing
    • Overcrowding
    • Fire
    • Crime
    • Riots and unrest

• Urban renewal
  • Street lights
  • Slum clearing
  • Boulevards and open roads
  • Sewers
  • Public transportation
  • Parks
  • Sidewalks
  • Zoning
    • Class based city
    • In europe, rich people are in the core

• identify/explain the urban reterms that “fix” the ills and why
  • Urban planning
    • Wide boulevards menas can’t put barricades
  • Public transportation
  • Public health movement
  • Fix because
    • crime/riots/unrest/disease
    • Save money
    • Disease-less workforce
    • Barricades put by people→control people for power
    • Protect property

• identify/explain the public health movement and how edwin chadwick, louis pasteur, and Joseph Lister contribute to it-use list from bottom to top
  • Joseph lister
    • Comes up with antiseptic-kills germs/bacteria
  • Louis Pasteur
    • Germs theory
      • Don’t eliminate bad water, eliminate germs
    • Proves that the problem is germs not bad water
  • Public health movement
    • Public health standards
      • private water companies are required to follow or they get fined
    • Commissions to enforce standards-used fines
    • Clean up foul water
    • Death rates go down
  • Edwin chadwick
    • His report(even though half wrong) leads to public health movement
    • First pioneer of public health movement

Puts together Relief to pauper committee

• Used data/research

• Found out bad water=disease=poverty

• But disease does not equal poverty because poverty=disease not the other way around

• Trace the rising importance of science and the privatization of faith as industrialism rolls on

• Positivism (1850-1914)
  • Enlightenment to Positivist thought
  • WW1 kills positivist thought
  • Through the objective of science and the scientific method, people(everyone) can improve their society and the world
    • No god involved
    • Religion is private now
  • observe/experiment/analyze data, and find the root causes of society’s ills
    • Data doesn’t have to be numbers, can be pictures
  • Understand the causes of the problem scientifically, then by eliminating the causes, people solve the problem

• Skeleton with a crown-king cholera

• 19th century social classes
  • Aristocracy
    • Lots of status
    • Low cash flow sometimes
    • Not invested in consumerism much because they already have status
    • Power goes down-especially political power
    • Marriage politics(men go after American heiress who has wealth)
    • Not many femninst coming out of aristocracy
  • Upper middle class
    • Own factories/run businesses/have connections globally
    • Corporate magnets
    • Less status
    • Lots of money
    • Upper middle class and aristocracy work together for marriage/politics/power
  • Middle middle class-no social mobility
    • Bourgeoisie in france
  • Lower middle class
    • Own shops
    • Secretaryfor MALES only
  • Labour-aristocracy(tenant farmers)
    • Foreman
    • Wives don’t work
    • Move up to leadership position in factory by workers
    • Labour union leaders
    • Butler
    • Head housemaid
    • Blue collar
    • Looking for marriage politics because they could gain or lose- so they could make a good pair with the lower middle class and pull family class up
  • Skilled workers
    • Wives don’t work
    • Managing
    • Ex.plumbing
    • Work with machines
    • Servants
    • 4-5 people are skilled/unskilled workers
  • Unskilled workers
    • Women work outside the home
      • Piece work/servants/sweated industry
        • Sweated industry-do work in sweatshops close by and watch kids at home in between
        • servants-#1 job for women
    • ex.Carrying pipe
    • Don’t work with machines
  • Peasants-unskilled rural
    • “The poor”

• Middle class-20$-you know you’re middle class when:
  • Cult of domesticity
  • White collar jobs-wear suits to work
  • Leisure time
  • Middle class morals
    • Hard work/thrift(believe in using money wisely but they spend a lot)/education/girls have to be angels
  • Have servants-the higher you go up in middle class the more servants you have
    • Lower middle class
      • you have 3 servants at least
    • Middle middle class
      • cook/baker
      • Laundress
      • upstairs/downstairs maid
      • Butler
      • Mother's Maid
      • Someone to run nursery
      • Foot man
      • Tutor-if son
      • 10 servants-while working class women are doing everything themselves
  • Consumerism
    • You can’t see status but you can see stuff
    • Dress
    • Homes
    • Food
    • 2-4 kids
      • Poor money into kids
      • Education
      • music/horse riding/art/speech classes for them
      • After 1850, there’s less children because they don’t have to worry about them dying
    • dinner party-shared sphere
      • utensils/wine/foods

• Working class
  • 2-8 children
  • They also have less children because for skilled/unskilled workers kids can’t be economic entities
  • Labour aristocracy would have less kids to spends more money off them for marriage politics
  • bloodsports/music and dance hall are their recreation
    • Can’t have dinner party
  • 1 day off-sunday
  • Women work
  • Marriage politics
    • Aristocracy
    • Upper middle class
    • Upper middle class have money but no status and Aristocracy have status but no money so if they marry they can have both
  • Middle class
    • Upper middle class
    • Middle middle class
    • Lower middle class

• Marriage politics
  • Lower middle class
  • Labour aristocracy

• Working class-can’t get worse so you can marry anyone
  • Labour aristocracy
  • Unskilled workers
  • Peasants-unskilled rural

• Girls can be economic boon or economic burden depending on who they marry

• Love marriage-more kids

• Trace the views of and role of women across time
  • Pre-industrial
    • Separate spheres
    • Promote their men
    • Angel-morality
    • Family unit
    • Contribute to family income (collecting wages for dowry)(cottage industry)
    • Marriage politics
    • temptress(daughters of Eve)
      • You can either be an angel or temptress
  • 1765-1842
    • Contribute to family income (collecting wages for dowry)(cottage industry)-stooped after 1842
    • Promoting men is shaking-then legislation was passed
    • Angel-morality
    • Temptress
    • Marriage politics
    • Confused separate spheres
      • By 1842, there’s a lot of legislation and separate spheres came back stronger
  • 1842-1914
    • Separate spheres entrenched
    • Cult of domesticity
    • Promote their men entrenched
    • angel/morality entrenched
    • Temptress
    • Marriage politics
    • Pushback by
      • Rising feminists
        • Mostly coming from middle middle class and up-need education/status/have time
      • Mink(Woman)-labour aristocracy
      • Sewell
      • Gilman

• Spheres
  • Men’s sphere
    • Public
    • Work
    • Lead
    • Logic and reason
    • Rights
    • politics
  • Woman’s sphere
    • Private
    • Nurture
    • Obey
    • Emotion
    • duties(responsibilities)
    • religion
  • Shared sphere

• Master(Mr) and mistress(Mrs.)

• Discover how the industrial revolution impacted social class structure and population
  • Industrial rev created more social classes

• List the impacts of the 2nd industrial revolution 1848-1914
  • Electricity
    • Instead of coal/steam
    • Has dynamo
    • Electricity leads to :
      • Nightlife
      • Safer
      • 24 hour factories
      • Mass production of goods→cheaper goods
      • Cult of domesticity get worse
  • Evolutionary thinking-progress is inevitable
  • International business / make imperialism possible /nationalism
    • Telegraph
    • RRs
  • Public health movement
  • Public transportation is electric
  • Urban renewal
  • Quinine
    • Prevents malaria
  • Maxim gun-repeating/spinning rifle

• identify/explain Hegelian/Darwinian/Positivist thought(SCIENCE).
  • Evolutionary theory-1850-1914
    • Started by Hegel in 18th century-enlightenment thinkers
    • Hegel says thesis/antithesis→synthesis→synthesis antithesis→new synthesis antithesis→PROGRESS

• Auguste Comte
  • Focused on rules of unchanging laws(natural laws-enlightenment) and their dynamic evolutionary march(find the laws and continue or halt the process)
  • Man can discover the eternal laws of human relationships

• Jean-Baptists Lamarck
  • Furthers compte with antithesis
  • Life arose from a long process of adjustment(evolutionary theory)(find the point of adjustment and correct it)
  • Children inherit their parents characteristics-wrong

• Charles Darwin
  • All of life gradually evolved through an “unending struggle” for survival, and from a common ancestor
  • Some species adapt and survive, others die out

• Herbert Spencer-Social Darwinism-racist philosophy
  • Ex. colonialism/monopolies

• Remember the dual rev
  • french(1781-1815)
  • industrialization(1765)(1815)(1848)
  • 1848-what changes(ideas) did Napoleon let loose–LIBERALISM:
    • Can defeat Napoleon but not his ideas
    • Metternich hates liberalism
    • Meritocracy
    • No internal tariffs
    • No monarchy+no divine right(secular)
    • No serfdom
    • Nationalism to
      • italy/germany/poland/HRE places(slovaks/bohemians/serbs/bosnians)/spain
    • Napoleonic code
      • Equality
      • Religious freedom/rights(life/liberty/property)/freedom of religion/in theory freedom of speech/religion/suffrage/Constitution/right to education

• discovering how Europe responds to the dual revolution politically, economically, and socially
  • politically
  • Economic
    • Continent-limited liability
    • britain/u.s.-private investment
    • All use tariffs
    • Britain-passes legislation→raised wages for men
  • Socially
    • Barricades
    • More social classes
    • Public health movement/urban renewal/public transportation
    • Cult of domesticity
    • Privatization of faith
    • Using science to solve problems not god

• identify/explain how the Congress of Vienna(1815) responds to the Dual Revolution(napoleon’s changes)
  • Congress of vienna-first people to respond to dual revolution
  • Guiding principles of congress of vienna-don’t punish french-put french border back to 1789-reactionary
    • Balance of power
      • So no one gets too big or feels the need for revenge
      • Buffer zone
    • Self-interest
    • Holy Alliance
      • russia/prussia/austria
    • No liberalism
      • find examples of how*
    • No nationalism
      • find examples of how*
    • Legitimacy-put good kings on good throne-brings back monarchy
      • get some examples*

• Remember the key concepts of the congress of vienna(1815)
  • First response to dual revolution

• identify/explain the key tenets of the 19th century conservatism, cite evidence of policy that asserts it, and the nuances among conservatives
  • Karl’s bad decrees
  • Holy alliance
  • Mazzini’s secret society-anti-conservative-young italy
  • Von gagern secret society-burshensafen

• Do the same for classical liberals

• Reactionaries want to go back to old times-so they’re at the end of the conservtaive side
  • Reactionaries want no suffrage

Burke-landowning men

Tariffs-corn laws

Peel-repeals the corn laws-trying to get rid of tariff

Property owning men vote

• Political right-Hobbes
  • Looking after community NOT the individual-community over individual
  • Look to history and tradition to guide-don’t need constitution
  • think Institutions bring order
    • church/aristocracy/monarchy
  • Holy alliance-institution that rings order
  • Class hierarchy to bring SECURITY+STABILITY
  • DUTY to others
  • Karl’s badd decrees-it works
    • 1819
    • German states had to root out liberal organizations/radical ideas(young italy/einschlafen)
    • Get rid of secret societies
      • young italy/durchschlafen-both don’t get demands until 1848
    • Police universities-secret societies come out of universities
    • Have a panel of students who rat out professors
    • Government Changes curriculum
    • Police student newspapers-have liberal ideas

• identify/explain the key concepts of socialism and Marxism and then compare and contrast them
  • Socialism
    • Industrial revolution brought tremendous but selfish wealth
      • Standard of living goes up everyone but quality of life does not go up for everyone
      • Socialists think industrial rev is good and bad
    • French revolution brought ideas
    • To have democracy and freedom, equality must be the base
      • Classical liberals only like democracy(suffrage for property owning men/representational gov/) and freedom(constitution/individual rights)
    • Individuals using universal suffrage can elect anyone equally to ensure equality and manage industrial wealth
      • Classical liberals don’t like this
    • All people keep private property-meritocracy is ok
    • Peaceful,slow,granting of social(cult of domesticity/separate spheres), political(universal suffrage), economic equality due to legislation passed by elected elite(can be anyone) to ensure equality and to manage necessary industries(healthcare/public housing/bank/education/job)(which will be managed by the government and owned by the people)-top down change
      • Marx doesn’t like legislation/elected elites/peaceful/slow
      • Marx wants bottom up change
      • Classical liberals become conservative because they don’t want economic equality
      • Power/sovereignty in socialism is people
      • Power/sovereignty in conservatism is in institutions
  • Marxism
    • History is driven by class conflict
      • Slaves vs. free
      • Plebeians vs. patricians
      • Serfs vs. lord/aristocracy
      • Bourgeoisie vs. aristocracy
    • Bourgeoisie knows class conflict(uses class conflict to give power)
      • French revolution
      • American revolution
      • Haitian rev
      • Latin american revolution
    • Bourgeoisie uses industrial revolution to brutalized proletariat and dehumanize them so they won’t rebel and to get rid of all other economic classes
    • 2 classes
    • Bourgeoisie divide the proletariat and distract them from realizing class conflict -make them strike and revolt for minimum wage/8 hour work day
    • Working class unite
    • violent/spontaneous revolutions is needed to raise property and bourgeoisie to the ground
    • a classless, nationless, genderless(equal power in marriage), no institutional society where all are equal, have full individual rights, and freedom emerges
    • No more private property

• Political left-Locke
  • Institutions suppress rights
  • Everytime you move left, you get more rights/more equality
  • Looking after the individual

• Compare socialism and marxism-the communist manifesto 1848-(when 1830 and 1848 revolutions failed because they were not united-he writes AFTER the 1848 revolution)
  • Marx is hegelian(evolutionary thinking) bc/he goes from past to present to find class struggle
  • he‘s a positivist bc/he thinks he fund the root cause-class conflict
  • (Hegel-evolutionary)(positivist)(revolutions)

• List the common causes for the Decembrist uprising in 1820, 1830 revolutions and the 1848 revolutions
  • Congress of vienna-18151-1817
  • Fist liberal revolution against congress of vienna is in 1820 in russia(decembrists)
    • But still had serfdom
  • Common causes:-how did they threaten the congress system of 1815
    • austria/france/charles 10/frederick william 4/metternich/tsar alexander 1/tory party in britain hate these causes→holly alliance have meeting and decide to take down decemberists-successful
      • Used karld badd decrees in german/italian states
  • Constitution
  • Individual rights-different desires for rights between classes
    • Meritocracy
    • Separation of church and state
  • Representational government-suffrage
  • National autonomy
  • Industrial reforms
  • No serfdom-even british want this-more market for their good