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| ====== AP Physics 1 Study Guide ====== | ====== AP Physics 1 Study Guide ====== | ||
| + | * Also refer to our [[AP Physics C Mechanics]] Study Guide, it has very similar topics for the most part and prettier formatting | ||
| Credit goes to u/ | Credit goes to u/ | ||
| - 1D motion | - 1D motion | ||
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| - Distance is all negative and positive | - Distance is all negative and positive | ||
| - Displacement is final position minus initial | - Displacement is final position minus initial | ||
| - | - DeltaX=xf-xo | + | - $\Delta X = X_f -X_i $ |
| - Speed is scalar, so not a vector | - Speed is scalar, so not a vector | ||
| - Distance/ | - Distance/ | ||
| - | - S=d/delta(T) | + | - S=d/$\ \Delta t$ |
| - Average speed is over long period of time | - Average speed is over long period of time | ||
| - Savg=total d/total t | - Savg=total d/total t | ||
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| - Speed can never be negative, only zero or positive | - Speed can never be negative, only zero or positive | ||
| - Velocity is displacement per time | - Velocity is displacement per time | ||
| - | - V=delta x/ delta t | + | - V=$ \frac{\Delta X}{\Delta |
| - Can be negative or positive | - Can be negative or positive | ||
| - Generally if pointed left its negative | - Generally if pointed left its negative | ||
| - Generally if pointed right its positive | - Generally if pointed right its positive | ||
| - Acceleration | - Acceleration | ||
| - | - m/s^2 | + | - $\frac{m}{s^2}$ |
| - is a vector | - is a vector | ||
| - points in the direction of the net force | - points in the direction of the net force | ||
| - if velocity is changing acceleration is present | - if velocity is changing acceleration is present | ||
| - | - a= delta v/t or (vf-vi)/t | + | - a= $ \Delta $ v/t or ($v_f$-$v_i$)/t |
| - position vs time graph | - position vs time graph | ||
| - y axis is x or position (m) | - y axis is x or position (m) | ||
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| - X axis is time | - X axis is time | ||
| - Slope is acceleration | - Slope is acceleration | ||
| - | - Area under the curve is displacement or delta X | + | - Area under the curve is displacement or $ \Delta $ X |
| - Acceleration vs time graph | - Acceleration vs time graph | ||
| - Y axis is acceleration (m/s^2) | - Y axis is acceleration (m/s^2) | ||
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| - Area under graph is change in velocity | - Area under graph is change in velocity | ||
| - Kinematic formulas: ACCELERATION **HAS** TO BE **CONSTANT** | - Kinematic formulas: ACCELERATION **HAS** TO BE **CONSTANT** | ||
| - | - Vf=Vi+at | + | |
| - | - deltaX=vi*t+(1/ | + | |
| - | - vf^2=vi^2+2a(Xf-Xi) | + | |
| - | - (vf+vi)/ | + | |
| - Free Falling Object/ Flying Object | - Free Falling Object/ Flying Object | ||
| - Acceleration is G (9.8m/s^2), but in a free falling occurrence the acceleration due to gravity is negative | - Acceleration is G (9.8m/s^2), but in a free falling occurrence the acceleration due to gravity is negative | ||
| - | - “Dropped” means Vi is 0 | + | - “Dropped” means $v_i$ is 0 |
| - Time after a drop is t=sqrt(2h/ | - Time after a drop is t=sqrt(2h/ | ||
| - | - At maximum height means Vf=0 | + | - At maximum height means $V_f$=0 |
| - 2D motion | - 2D motion | ||
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| - Along x and y directions | - Along x and y directions | ||
| - | > | + | > |
| - | - Vy=Vsin(theta) | + | - $V_y$=Vsin($\theta$) |
| - DON’T FORGET SIGNS OF THE VECTORS YOU NERDS | - DON’T FORGET SIGNS OF THE VECTORS YOU NERDS | ||
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| - Vertical Equations | - Vertical Equations | ||
| - Vf=Vi+(-9.8)t | - Vf=Vi+(-9.8)t | ||
| - | - deltaX=vi*t+(1/ | + | - $ \Delta $X=vi*t+(1/ |
| - | - vf^2=vi^2+2(-9.8)(Xf-Xi) | + | - $v_f^2=v_i^2+2(-9.8)(x_f-x_i)$ |
| - (vf+vi)/ | - (vf+vi)/ | ||
| - Horizontal equation note: no horizontal acceleration | - Horizontal equation note: no horizontal acceleration | ||
| - | - Delta x=vt | + | - $ \Delta $ x=vt |
| - X and y velocities behave independently | - X and y velocities behave independently | ||
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| - Objects and systems can have, transfer, or transform energy | - Objects and systems can have, transfer, or transform energy | ||
| - Energy being transferred between systems is called work | - Energy being transferred between systems is called work | ||
| - | - Works equation is w= Delta E | + | - Works equation is w= $ \Delta $ E |
| - Energy is conserved so it can’t be created nor destroyed, however energy can leave the system if the earth isn’t included | - Energy is conserved so it can’t be created nor destroyed, however energy can leave the system if the earth isn’t included | ||
| - **Side note potential gravitational energy doesn’t exist when the earth isn’t included in the system** | - **Side note potential gravitational energy doesn’t exist when the earth isn’t included in the system** | ||
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| - Ug= Gravitational potential energy= mgh (energy due to height) | - Ug= Gravitational potential energy= mgh (energy due to height) | ||
| - Us= spring potential energy= (½)kx^2 (energy in a spring) (x is the length of compression r stretch from x=0) | - Us= spring potential energy= (½)kx^2 (energy in a spring) (x is the length of compression r stretch from x=0) | ||
| - | - Delta E thermal=thermal energy=FkD (heat energy from friction/ | + | - $ \Delta $ E thermal=thermal energy=FkD (heat energy from friction/ |
| - E mechanical= mechanical energy= K+Ug+Us (does not include thermal) | - E mechanical= mechanical energy= K+Ug+Us (does not include thermal) | ||
| - Work W joules | - Work W joules | ||
| - Not a vector | - Not a vector | ||
| - Work is the transfer of energy from one object or system to another | - Work is the transfer of energy from one object or system to another | ||
| - | - W=delta E=Fdcos(theta) so force applied times displacement of object times the cos of the angle | + | - W=$ \Delta $ E=Fdcos(theta) so force applied times displacement of object times the cos of the angle |
| - If the force is perpendicular to the movement of an object then it provides zero work unless it points towards the surface the object is moving on and there is friction present as it would increase the normal force which affects Ff | - If the force is perpendicular to the movement of an object then it provides zero work unless it points towards the surface the object is moving on and there is friction present as it would increase the normal force which affects Ff | ||
| - Work energy principle NET WORK | - Work energy principle NET WORK | ||
| - | - Wnet=delta W | + | - Wnet=$ \Delta $ W |
| - W1+w2+w3=Kf-Ki=1/ | - W1+w2+w3=Kf-Ki=1/ | ||
| - **Work is always negative if it moves against the motion don’t forget to square the v, v does not become negative if its moving in a new direction** | - **Work is always negative if it moves against the motion don’t forget to square the v, v does not become negative if its moving in a new direction** | ||
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| - Amount of energy transferred per time | - Amount of energy transferred per time | ||
| - Measured in watts | - Measured in watts | ||
| - | - Pavg=W/t=delta E/t | + | - Pavg=W/t=$ \Delta $ E/t |
| - **Gravitational potential energy when the gravitational field is not constant** | - **Gravitational potential energy when the gravitational field is not constant** | ||
| - If the gravitational field is varying (like two planets acting on each other or some similar situation) then you cannot use ug=mgh | - If the gravitational field is varying (like two planets acting on each other or some similar situation) then you cannot use ug=mgh | ||
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| - Is a vector | - Is a vector | ||
| - Equal to the amount of force exerted on the object/ | - Equal to the amount of force exerted on the object/ | ||
| - | - J=F*delta t | + | - J=F*$ \Delta $ t |
| - The total impulse is equal to the change in momentum | - The total impulse is equal to the change in momentum | ||
| - | - Sigma J=delta p=p final-p initial | + | - Sigma J=$ \Delta $ p=p final-p initial |
| - Net impulse (total impulse) is equal to the Net Force times the change in time, which also equals the change in momentum | - Net impulse (total impulse) is equal to the Net Force times the change in time, which also equals the change in momentum | ||
| - | - Sigma J= Sigma F*time= | + | - Sigma J= Sigma F*time= |
| - Can be negative | - Can be negative | ||
| - **Impulse as area under the curve** | - **Impulse as area under the curve** | ||
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| - Rotational Kinematics formulas | - Rotational Kinematics formulas | ||
| - basic formulas | - basic formulas | ||
| - | - delta theta=change in angle over a certain time | + | - $ \Delta $ theta=change in angle over a certain time |
| - | - w(angular velocity)=delta theta/delta t | + | - w(angular velocity)=$ \Delta $ theta/$ \Delta $ t |
| - | - alpha (angular acceleration)= | + | - alpha (angular acceleration)= |
| - they mirror linear kinematics | - they mirror linear kinematics | ||
| - | - s (arc length)= radius*delta theta (kinda basic pre-cal) | + | - s (arc length)= radius*$ \Delta $ theta (kinda basic pre-cal) |
| - wf = wi+ alpha*t | - wf = wi+ alpha*t | ||
| - | - delta theta= wi*t+(½) alpha t^2 | + | - $ \Delta $ theta= wi*t+(½) alpha t^2 |
| - THESE FOLLOWING ONES ARE NOT ON THE FORMULA SHEET | - THESE FOLLOWING ONES ARE NOT ON THE FORMULA SHEET | ||
| - | - wf^2=wi^2+2(alpha)(delta theta) | + | - wf^2=wi^2+2(alpha)($ \Delta $ theta) |
| - | - (wf+wi)/2=(delta theta)/t | + | - (wf+wi)/2=($ \Delta $ theta)/t |
| - Only true if the angular acceleration is constant | - Only true if the angular acceleration is constant | ||
| - TO GET THE Tangential SPEED OF THE OBJECT: v=rw, or if you have period it would be v=2PiR/T | - TO GET THE Tangential SPEED OF THE OBJECT: v=rw, or if you have period it would be v=2PiR/T | ||