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--- ap_environmental_science [2024/04/04 04:23] – created mrdough
+++ ap_environmental_science [2024/04/20 05:37] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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-====== MergeResult_2024_04_04_04_14_14 ======
+====== APES Study Guide ======
 ====== Unit 1: The Living World - Ecosystems ======
-**[[about:blank#resource-availability|Resource Availability]]** ******[[about:blank#resource-availability|2]]**
-**[[about:blank#species-relation|Species Relation]]** ******[[about:blank#species-relation|2]]**
-> General notes 2 [[about:blank#competition|Competition]] [[about:blank#competition|2]] [[about:blank#interspecies-interaction|Interspecies interaction]] [[about:blank#interspecies-interaction|2]]
-**[[about:blank#ecosystems|Ecosystems]]** ******[[about:blank#ecosystems|3]]**
-**[[about:blank#energy|Energy]]** ******[[about:blank#energy|4]]**
-**[[about:blank#food-chainsfood-webs|Food chains/food webs]]** ******[[about:blank#food-chainsfood-webs|4]]**
-> Producers 4 [[about:blank#consumers|Consumers]] [[about:blank#consumers|5]] [[about:blank#food-chains|Food chains]] [[about:blank#food-chains|5]]
-**[[about:blank#biogeochemical-cycles|Biogeochemical cycles]]** ******[[about:blank#biogeochemical-cycles|5]]**
-**[[about:blank#water-cycle|Water cycle]]** ******[[about:blank#water-cycle|5]]**
-**[[about:blank#carbon-cycle|Carbon cycle]]** ******[[about:blank#carbon-cycle|6]]**
-**[[about:blank#nitrogen-cycle|Nitrogen cycle]]** ******[[about:blank#nitrogen-cycle|6]]**
-**[[about:blank#phosphorus-cycle|Phosphorus cycle]]** ******[[about:blank#phosphorus-cycle|7]]**
-**[[about:blank#sulfur-cycle|Sulfur cycle]]** ******[[about:blank#sulfur-cycle|8]]**
-**[[about:blank#freshwater|Freshwater]]** ******[[about:blank#freshwater|8]]**
-**[[about:blank#vertical-stratification|Vertical stratification]]** ******[[about:blank#vertical-stratification|9]]**
-**[[about:blank#barrier-islands|Barrier islands]]** ******[[about:blank#barrier-islands|10]]**
-**[[about:blank#oceans|Oceans]]** ******[[about:blank#oceans|10]]**
 ====== Resource Availability ======
@@ Line 386: / Line 352: @@
 ====== Unit 2: The Living World - BioD ======
-**[[about:blank#biodiversity|Biodiversity]]** ******[[about:blank#biodiversity|2]]**
-**[[about:blank#evolution|Evolution]]** ******[[about:blank#evolution|2]]**
-**[[about:blank#ecosystem-change|Ecosystem change]]** ******[[about:blank#ecosystem-change|2]]**
-**[[about:blank#ecological-succession|Ecological succession]]** ******[[about:blank#ecological-succession|3]]**
-**[[about:blank#island-biogeography|Island biogeography]]** ******[[about:blank#island-biogeography|3]]**
-**[[about:blank#loss-of-biodiversity-humans|Loss of Biodiversity (Humans)]]** ******[[about:blank#loss-of-biodiversity-humans|4]]**
-**[[about:blank#threatened-and-endangered-species|Threatened and endangered species]]** ******[[about:blank#threatened-and-endangered-species|5]]**
 ====== Biodiversity ======
@@ Line 532: / Line 485: @@
 ====== Unit 3: Populations ======
-**[[about:blank#population-description|Population description]]** ******[[about:blank#population-description|2]]**
-**[[about:blank#population-growth|Population growth]]** ******[[about:blank#population-growth|2]]**
-**[[about:blank#population-cycles|Population cycles]]** ******[[about:blank#population-cycles|3]]**
-**[[about:blank#human-populations|Human populations]]** ******[[about:blank#human-populations|3]]**
-**[[about:blank#demographic-transition-model|Demographic transition model]]** ******[[about:blank#demographic-transition-model|4]]**
-> States 4
-**[[about:blank#humans-on-earth|Humans on earth]]** ******[[about:blank#humans-on-earth|5]]**
-> Increase pop 5 [[about:blank#resources|Resources]] [[about:blank#resources|5]] [[about:blank#sustainability|Sustainability]] [[about:blank#sustainability|5]]
 ====== Population description ======
@@ Line 754: / Line 692: @@
 ====== Unit 4: Earth Systems & Resources ======
-**[[about:blank#tectonic-plates|Tectonic plates]]** ******[[about:blank#tectonic-plates|2]]**
-> Plate boundaries 2 [[about:blank#volcanoes|Volcanoes]] [[about:blank#volcanoes|2]] [[about:blank#earthquakes|Earthquakes]] [[about:blank#earthquakes|2]]
-**[[about:blank#soil|Soil]]** ******[[about:blank#soil|3]]**
-> General notes 3 [[about:blank#types|Types]] [[about:blank#types|3]] [[about:blank#acidity|Acidity]] [[about:blank#acidity|3]] [[about:blank#weathering|Weathering]] [[about:blank#weathering|4]] [[about:blank#soil-layershorizons|Soil layers/horizons]] [[about:blank#soil-layershorizons|4]] [[about:blank#monoculture-humans|Monoculture (humans)]] [[about:blank#monoculture-humans|5]] [[about:blank#soil-erosion|Soil erosion]] [[about:blank#soil-erosion|5]] [[about:blank#soil-laws|Soil laws]] [[about:blank#soil-laws|6]]
-**[[about:blank#atmosphere|Atmosphere]]** ******[[about:blank#atmosphere|7]]**
-> General notes 7 [[about:blank#troposphere|Troposphere]] [[about:blank#troposphere|7]] [[about:blank#stratosphere|Stratosphere]] [[about:blank#stratosphere|7]] [[about:blank#mesosphere|Mesosphere]] [[about:blank#mesosphere|7]] [[about:blank#thermosphere|Thermosphere]] [[about:blank#thermosphere|7]]
-**[[about:blank#climate|Climate]]** ******[[about:blank#climate|8]]**
-> General notes 8 [[about:blank#air-circulation|Air circulation]] [[about:blank#air-circulation|8]] [[about:blank#convection-currents|Convection currents]] [[about:blank#convection-currents|8]] [[about:blank#hadley-cell|Hadley cell]] [[about:blank#hadley-cell|9]]
-**[[about:blank#weather-events|Weather events]]** ******[[about:blank#weather-events|9]]**
-> Monsoons 9 [[about:blank#tropical-storms|Tropical storms]] [[about:blank#tropical-storms|10]] [[about:blank#hurricanes|Hurricanes]] [[about:blank#hurricanes|10]]
-**[[about:blank#enso-events|ENSO events]]** ******[[about:blank#enso-events|10]]**
-> El Niño 10 [[about:blank#la-ni%C3%B1o|La Niño]] [[about:blank#la-ni%C3%B1o|11]]
-**[[about:blank#seasons|Seasons]]** ******[[about:blank#seasons|11]]**
-**[[about:blank#wind|Wind]]** ******[[about:blank#wind|11]]**
-> General notes 11 [[about:blank#trade-winds|Trade winds]] [[about:blank#trade-winds|12]] [[about:blank#westerly|Westerly]] [[about:blank#westerly|12]] [[about:blank#polar-easterlies|Polar easterlies]] [[about:blank#polar-easterlies|12]] [[about:blank#horse-latitudes|Horse latitudes]] [[about:blank#horse-latitudes|12]] [[about:blank#doldrums|Doldrums]] [[about:blank#doldrums|12]]
 ====== Tectonic plates ======
@@ Line 1221: / Line 1129: @@
 ====== Unit 5: Land & Water Use ======
-**[[about:blank#agriculture|Agriculture]]** ******[[about:blank#agriculture|2]]**
-> General notes 2 [[about:blank#slash-and-burn|Slash and burn]] [[about:blank#slash-and-burn|2]] [[about:blank#fertilizers-and-pesticides|Fertilizers and pesticides]] [[about:blank#fertilizers-and-pesticides|2]] [[about:blank#irrigation|Irrigation]] [[about:blank#irrigation|2]] [[about:blank#integrated-pest-management|Integrated pest management]] [[about:blank#integrated-pest-management|3]] [[about:blank#genetically-engineered-plants|Genetically engineered plants]] [[about:blank#genetically-engineered-plants|3]] [[about:blank#monoculture|Monoculture]] [[about:blank#monoculture|3]] [[about:blank#soil-degradation|Soil degradation]] [[about:blank#soil-degradation|3]] [[about:blank#meat-production|Meat production]] [[about:blank#meat-production|3]] [[about:blank#urban-runoff|Urban runoff]] [[about:blank#urban-runoff|4]]
-**[[about:blank#forest-resources|Forest resources]]** ******[[about:blank#forest-resources|4]]**
-> General notes 4 [[about:blank#deforestation|Deforestation]] [[about:blank#deforestation|4]] [[about:blank#forest-policy|Forest policy]] [[about:blank#forest-policy|6]] [[about:blank#natural-events|Natural events]] [[about:blank#natural-events|6]]
-**[[about:blank#ocean-resources|Ocean resources]]** ******[[about:blank#ocean-resources|7]]**
-> General notes 7 [[about:blank#overfishing|Overfishing]] [[about:blank#overfishing|7]] [[about:blank#threatened-aquatic-ecosystems|Threatened aquatic ecosystems]] [[about:blank#threatened-aquatic-ecosystems|8]] [[about:blank#legislation|Legislation]] [[about:blank#legislation|8]]
-**[[about:blank#water-importance|Water importance]]** ******[[about:blank#water-importance|9]]**
-> General notes 9 [[about:blank#env-mpx|Env MPX]] [[about:blank#env-mpx|10]] [[about:blank#water-rights|Water rights]] [[about:blank#water-rights|10]]
-**[[about:blank#mining|Mining]]** ******[[about:blank#mining|10]]**
-> General notes 10 [[about:blank#env-mpx-1|Env MPX]] [[about:blank#env-mpx-1|11]] [[about:blank#regulations|Regulations]] [[about:blank#regulations|11]]
 ====== Agriculture ======
@@ Line 1587: / Line 1476: @@
 ====== Unit 6: Energy Resources & Consumption ======
-**[[about:blank#_6115i5pkelkc|Overview]]** ******[[about:blank#_6115i5pkelkc|2]]**
-> General notes 2 [[about:blank#_6jemw4wlgpop|Laws of thermodynamics]] [[about:blank#_6jemw4wlgpop|2]]
-**[[about:blank#_9avek91vgzi2|Resources]]** ******[[about:blank#_9avek91vgzi2|2]]**
-**[[about:blank#_co00zmvyo83b|Fossil fuels]]** ******[[about:blank#_co00zmvyo83b|3]]**
-> General notes 3 [[about:blank#_625wmeylzkkj|Oil]] [[about:blank#_625wmeylzkkj|3]] [[about:blank#_fplgjf862qt2|Coal]] [[about:blank#_fplgjf862qt2|3]] [[about:blank#_f6rs4hoifxlx|Natural gas]] [[about:blank#_f6rs4hoifxlx|4]]
-**[[about:blank#_1w1s4um7nq53|Nuke energy]]** ******[[about:blank#_1w1s4um7nq53|5]]**
-> General notes 5 [[about:blank#_ow5skszd82ur|Types of reactors]] [[about:blank#_ow5skszd82ur|5]] [[about:blank#_yybezanrzcwr|Safety issues]] [[about:blank#_yybezanrzcwr|5]]
-**[[about:blank#_rkac2fgplrkm|Renewable energy]]** ******[[about:blank#_rkac2fgplrkm|6]]**
-> Biomass 6 [[about:blank#_fudo7ja9skuu|Hydroelectric energy]] [[about:blank#_fudo7ja9skuu|6]] [[about:blank#_551tbetjbj8n|Solar energy]] [[about:blank#_551tbetjbj8n|7]] [[about:blank#_w5qwt0k4md6t|Wind energy]] [[about:blank#_w5qwt0k4md6t|7]] [[about:blank#_p4curupjdv1o|Geothermal energy]] [[about:blank#_p4curupjdv1o|8]] [[about:blank#_ddynxztrajch|Ocean tides]] [[about:blank#_ddynxztrajch|8]] [[about:blank#_ife8yv911hxz|Hydrogen cells]] [[about:blank#_ife8yv911hxz|8]]
-**[[about:blank#_4vh0yz4azsdv|Energy conservation]]** ******[[about:blank#_4vh0yz4azsdv|9]]**
-**[[about:blank#_xqncdjbt6x5|Env policy]]** ******[[about:blank#_xqncdjbt6x5|9]]**
-> Major acts 9 [[about:blank#_8z4cgo4sikcm|Green taxes]] [[about:blank#_8z4cgo4sikcm|9]] [[about:blank#_kek2ojlzkvz9|Int’l agreements]] [[about:blank#_kek2ojlzkvz9|10]]
 **Overview**
@@ Line 1931: / Line 1797: @@
 |1997|Kyoto Protocol|Members must cut their GHG emissions back to 5% below 1990 levels (US has not ratified)|
-**Unit 7-8: Atmospheric, Terrestrial and Aquatic Pollution**
+======**Unit 7-8: Atmospheric, Terrestrial and Aquatic Pollution**======
   * **Types of Pollution**
@@ Line 2297: / Line 2163: @@
   * As a result, the UV-B can reach Earth’s surface and cause harm to biological organisms
-**Unit 9: Global Change**
+======**Unit 9: Global Change**======
-|●|**Global Warming**| | | | | | |
+●**Global Warming**
-| |○|**Greenhouse Gas Concentration**| | | | | |
+○**Greenhouse Gas Concentration**
 | | | |**Greenhouse Gas**| |**Pre-Industrial Level**| |**In 2016**|
 | | | | | | | | |
@@ Line 2309: / Line 2175: @@
 | | | |Nitrous Oxides, N2O| |270 ppb| |328 ppb|
 | | | | | | | | |
-|●  **Effects of Climate Change: What’s Coming?**| | | | | | | |
-| |○|**Physical Changes**| | | | | |
+●  **Effects of Climate Change: What’s Coming?**
-| | | |●  Decrease of glaciers and ice sheets| | | | |
+○**Physical Changes**
-| | | |●  Continued rising of average ocean levels| | | | |
+      ●  Decrease of glaciers and ice sheets
-| | | |●|Changes in precipitation| | | |
+      ●  Continued rising of average ocean levels
-| | | |●  Increase in frequency and duration of storms| | | | |
+      ●  Changes in precipitation
-| | | |●  Increase in number of hot days| | | | |
+      ●  Increase in frequency and duration of storms
-| | | |●  Decrease in number of cold days| | | | |
+      ●  Increase in number of hot days
-| |○|**Changes in Biota**| | | | | |
+      ●  Decrease in number of cold days
-| | | |●  Increased crop yields in cold environments| | | | |
+ ○**Changes in Biota**
-| | | |●  Loss of croplands due to drought and higher temperatures| | | | |
+    ●  Increased crop yields in cold environments
-| | | |●  Cold-tolerant species will need to migrate to cooler climates| | | | |
+    ●  Loss of croplands due to drought and higher temperatures
-| | | |●  Heat-tolerant species may spread and invade new habitats| | | | |
+    ●  Cold-tolerant species will need to migrate to cooler climates
-| | | |●  Additional deaths from water and insect-borne diseases| | | | |
+    ●  Heat-tolerant species may spread and invade new habitats
-| | | |●  Commerce, transport, and coastal settlements may be disrupted by| | | | |
+    ●  Additional deaths from water and insect-borne diseases
-| | | | |changes in ocean levels and storms| | | |
+    ●  Commerce, transport, and coastal settlements may be disrupted by
-| | | |●  Change in marine ecosystems and fishery productivity| | | | |
+    changes in ocean levels and storms
-| |○  **Adaptations to the Warmer Climate**| | | | | | |
+    ●  Change in marine ecosystems and fishery productivity
-| | | |●  Must occur at many levels of society| | | | |
+ ○  **Adaptations to the Warmer Climate**
-| | | |●|Develop new technology| | | |
+    ●  Must occur at many levels of society
-| | | |●  Continue to reduce emissions from engines| | | | |
+    ●Develop new technology
-| | | |●  Legislative and behavioral changes needed| | | | |
+    ●  Continue to reduce emissions from engines
-| | | |●|Promote sustainable growth| | | |
+    ●  Legislative and behavioral changes needed
-|●|**Reducing Climate Change**| | | | | | |
+    ●Promote sustainable growth
-| |○|**Technological**| | | | | |
+●**Reducing Climate Change**
-| | | |●|Carbon sequestration| | | |
+   ○**Technological**
-| | | |●  Reduction of emissions from engines| | | | |
+      ●Carbon sequestration
-| |○|**Behavioral**| | | | | |
+      ●  Reduction of emissions from engines
-| | | |●  Turning off the lights to conserve electricity| | | | |
+ ○**Behavioral**
-| |○|**Policy**| | | | | |
+    ●  Turning off the lights to conserve electricity
-| | | |●  Enacting new treaties and legislation| | | | |
+ ○**Policy**
+    ●  Enacting new treaties and legislation